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Bardoxolone methyl

IKK inhibitor, potent antioxidant inflammation modulator CAS# 218600-53-4

Bardoxolone methyl

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Chemical structure

Bardoxolone methyl

3D structure

Chemical Properties of Bardoxolone methyl

Cas No. 218600-53-4 SDF Download SDF
PubChem ID 400769 Appearance Powder
Formula C32H43NO4 M.Wt 505.69
Type of Compound N/A Storage Desiccate at -20°C
Synonyms NSC 713200; RTA 402; CDDO Methyl ester
Solubility DMSO : 25 mg/mL (49.44 mM; Need ultrasonic)
H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL (insoluble)
Chemical Name methyl (4aS,6aR,6bS,8aR,12aS,14aR,14bS)-11-cyano-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-10,14-dioxo-1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8a,14a,14b-decahydropicene-4a-carboxylate
SMILES CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(C2C1)C(=O)C=C4C3(CCC5C4(C=C(C(=O)C5(C)C)C#N)C)C)C)C(=O)OC)C
Standard InChIKey WPTTVJLTNAWYAO-KPOXMGGZSA-N
Standard InChI InChI=1S/C32H43NO4/c1-27(2)11-13-32(26(36)37-8)14-12-31(7)24(20(32)17-27)21(34)15-23-29(5)16-19(18-33)25(35)28(3,4)22(29)9-10-30(23,31)6/h15-16,20,22,24H,9-14,17H2,1-8H3/t20-,22-,24-,29-,30+,31+,32-/m0/s1
General tips For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.
We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months.
Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it.
About Packaging 1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial.
2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial.
3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment.
Shipping Condition Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request.

Biological Activity of Bardoxolone methyl

DescriptionBardoxolone methyl is an oral modulator of antioxidant inflammation.
Targetsantioxidant inflammation    

Protocol

Kinase Assay [1]
Kidney tissue from the 28-day monkey study is snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80°C until analysis. Kidney tissue is homogenized at 250 mg tissue/mL ice cold PBS (pH 7.2), containing 2 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Homogenates are then centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 10 minutes at 4°C. The supernatants are collected and stored at -80°C until analysis. Protein concentrations of tissue homogenates are determined using the Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) Protein Assay Kit from Pierce Biotechnology. NQO1 enzyme activity is determined by quantifying the rate of reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPIP). Gsr enzyme activity is determined using a commercially available kit. All enzyme activities are normalized to protein and presented as fold vehicle control.

Animal Administration [1]
Two separate in-life studies are conducted in cynomolgus monkeys. In one study, cynomolgus monkeys (n=9/gender/dose group) are administered amorphous bardoxolone methyl by oral gavage, using sesame oil as the vehicle, at 5, 30, and 300 mg/kg once daily for 12 months in a GLP environment. Observations for morbidity, mortality, injury, and the availability of food and water are conducted twice daily for all animals. Clinical observations and body weights are conducted and recorded weekly. Weight data are analyzed by calculating the area under the weight versus time curve using the linear trapezoidal method. Blood samples for clinical chemistry evaluations are collected from all animals pretest and from all animals prior to interim (6-month) and terminal (12-month) necropsies. An additional group of monkeys for each dose group are allowed to recover for 4 weeks.

References:
[1]. Reisman SA, et al. Bardoxolone Methyl Decreases Megalin and Activates Nrf2 in the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Aug 2. [2]. McCullough PA, et al. Cardiac and renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes who have chronic kidney disease: potential effects of bardoxolone methyl. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2012;6:141-9.

Bardoxolone methyl Dilution Calculator

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Bardoxolone methyl Molarity Calculator

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Preparing Stock Solutions of Bardoxolone methyl

1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 1.9775 mL 9.8875 mL 19.775 mL 39.5499 mL 49.4374 mL
5 mM 0.3955 mL 1.9775 mL 3.955 mL 7.91 mL 9.8875 mL
10 mM 0.1977 mL 0.9887 mL 1.9775 mL 3.955 mL 4.9437 mL
50 mM 0.0395 mL 0.1977 mL 0.3955 mL 0.791 mL 0.9887 mL
100 mM 0.0198 mL 0.0989 mL 0.1977 mL 0.3955 mL 0.4944 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.

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Background on Bardoxolone methyl

Bardoxolone methyl is an activator of the KEAP1-Nrf2 pathway [1] and also inhibits the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kB [2] which can protect kidneys from aristolochic acid (AA)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) with IC50 value of 1.5 nM and LC50 value of 2.1 µM [3].
Nrf2, a transcription factor, is a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) protein that regulates the expression of antioxidant proteins that protect against oxidative damage triggered by injury and inflammation [4], such as NADPH, Glutathione, SRXN1, TXNRD1, HMOX1, GST, UGT and Mrps. Nrf2 plays an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis which can control the basal and inducible expression of a battery of genes with diverse physiological roles, including the preservation of redox balance, the metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics, and the regulation of multiple metabolic pathways that ensure the provision of cellular energy[5].
Bardoxolone methyl is a synthetic oleanane triterpenoid compound, which has no effect on the function and histology of normal kidneys but increased renal expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 by western blotting analysis of mice kidneys and immunofluorescence staining, and can prevent AA-induced acute kidney injury and reduce AAI-induced TI injury in mRNA and protein levels through real-time PCR.[6] In conclusion, Bardoxolone methyl can prevent AAI-induced renal damage, and it may exert this renoprotective effects by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway and inducing the downstream target genes expression. A phase 3 clinical trial evaluating bardoxolone methyl for the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was terminated in October 2012 after patients treated with the drug were found to have experienced a higher rate of heart-related adverse events, including heart failure, hospitalizations and deaths.[7] Now in 2014, Kyowa Hakko Kirin announced plans to evaluate both safety and efficacy of bardoxolone methyl in a Phase 2 clinical study to be performed in Japan for the treatment of CKD associated with type 2 diabetes.[8]
References:
1.Yates MS, Tauchi M, Katsuoka F, et al."Pharmacodynamic characterization of chemopreventive triterpenoids as exceptionally potent inducers of Nrf2-regulated genes." Mol Cancer Ther 2007, 6 (1): 154–62.
2.Ahamd R, Raina D, Meyer C, et al.. "Triterpenoid CDDO-Me blocks the NF-kappaB pathway by direct inhibition of IKKbeta on Cys-179.". J Biol Chem, 2006, 281 (47): 35764–9.
3.Ian M. Copple. et al. Chemical Tuning Enhances Both Potency Toward Nrf2 and In Vitro Therapeutic Index of Triterpenoids. TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES,2014,140(2), 462–469.
4.Gold R, Kappos L. Et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 367 (12): 1098–107.
5.Ma, Q. Role of nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2013,53:401–426.
6.Juan Wua. et al. Bardoxolone methyl (BARD) ameliorates aristolochic acid (AA)-induced acute kidney injury through Nrf2 pathway. Toxicology. 2014, 318(6):22–31.
7.de Zeeuw D, Akizawa T, Audhya P, et al. "Bardoxolone methyl in type 2 diabetes and stage 4 chronic kidney disease.". N Engl J Med,2013,369 (26): 2492–503.
8.Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co Ltd announces future development direction for bardoxolone methyl (RTA 402).

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References on Bardoxolone methyl

Bardoxolone methyl modulates efflux transporter and detoxifying enzyme expression in cisplatin-induced kidney cell injury.[Pubmed:27480280]

Toxicol Lett. 2016 Sep 30;259:52-59.

Cisplatin is prescribed for the treatment of solid tumors and elicits toxicity to kidney tubules, which limits its clinical use. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2, NFE2L2) is a critical transcription factor that has been shown to protect against kidney injury through activation of antioxidant mechanisms. We aimed to evaluate the ability of short-term treatment with the Nrf2 activator Bardoxolone methyl (CDDO-Me) to protect against cisplatin-induced kidney cell toxicity. Cell viability was assessed in human kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells (hPTCs) exposed to low, intermediate, and high cisplatin concentrations in the presence and absence of CDDO-Me, administered either prior to or after cisplatin. Treatment with cisplatin alone resulted in reductions in hPTC viability, while CDDO-Me administered prior to or after cisplatin exposure yielded significantly higher cell viability (17%-71%). Gene regulation (mRNA expression) studies revealed the ability of CDDO-Me to modify protective pathways including Nrf2 induced detoxifying genes [GCLC (increased 1.9-fold), NQO1 (increased 9.3-fold)], and an efflux transporter [SLC47A1 (increased 4.5-fold)] at 12h. Protein assessments were in agreement with gene expression. Immunofluorescence revealed localization of GCLC and NQO1 to the nucleus and cytosol, respectively, with CDDO-Me administered prior to or after cisplatin exposure. The findings of enhanced cell viability and increased expression of detoxifying enzymes (GCLC and NQO1) and the multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) efflux transporter (SLC47A1) in hPTCs exposed to CDDO-Me, suggest that intermittent treatment with CDDO-Me prior to or after cisplatin exposure may be a promising approach to mitigate acute kidney injury.

Bardoxolone Methyl and a Related Triterpenoid Downregulate cMyc Expression in Leukemia Cells.[Pubmed:28275049]

Mol Pharmacol. 2017 May;91(5):438-450.

Structurally related pentacyclic triterpenoids methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oate [bardoxolone-methyl (Bar-Me)] and methyl 2-trifluoromethyl-3,11-dioxoolean-1,12-dien-30-oate (CF3DODA-Me) contain 2-cyano-1-en-3-one and 2-trifluoromethyl-1-en-3-one moieties, respectively, in their A-rings and differ in the position of their en-one structures in ring C. Only Bar-Me forms a Michael addition adduct with glutathione (GSH) and inhibits IKKbeta phosphorylation. These differences may be due to steric hindrance by the 11-keto group in CF3DODA-Me, which prevents Michael addition by the conjugated en-one in the A-ring. In contrast, both Bar-Me and CF3DODA-Me induce reactive oxygen species in HL-60 and Jurkat leukemia cells, inhibit cell growth, induce apoptosis and differentiation, and decrease expression of specificity proteins (Sp) 1, 3, and 4, and cMyc, and these effects are significantly attenuated after cotreatment with the antioxidant GSH. In contrast to solid tumor-derived cells, cMyc and Sp transcriptions are regulated independently and cMyc plays a more predominant role than Sp transcription factors in regulating HL-60 or Jurkat cell proliferation and differentiation compared with that observed in cells derived from solid tumors.

Bardoxolone-methyl inhibits migration and metabolism in MCF7 cells.[Pubmed:28277986]

Free Radic Res. 2017 Feb;51(2):211-221.

Bardoxolone-methyl (BAR) is reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-fibrotic effects. BAR activates Nrf2 and may ameliorate oxidative stress through induction of antioxidant genes. However, off-target effects, probably concentration and NFkB-dependent, have limited the clinical use of BAR. Nrf2 regulates expression of antioxidant and mitochondrial genes and has been proposed as a target for both obesity and breast cancer. Therefore, we explored whether BAR can alter migration and proliferation in the MCF7 cell line and whether metabolic function is affected by BAR. Incubation with BAR caused a time-dependent migratory inhibition and an associated decrease in mitochondrial respiration. Both migratory and mitochondrial inhibition by BAR were further enhanced in the presence of fatty acids. In addition to the activation of Nrf2, BAR altered the expression of target mRNA GCLC and UCP1. After 24 h, BAR inhibited both glycolytic capacity, reserve (p < 0.05) and oxidative phosphorylation (p < 0.001) with an associated increase in mitochondrial ROS and loss of intracellular glutathione in MCF7 cells; however, impairment of mitochondrial activity was prevented by N-acetyl cysteine. The fatty acid, palmitate, increased mitochondrial ROS, impaired migration and oxidative phosphorylation but palmitate toxicity towards MCF7 could not be inhibited by N-acetyl cysteine suggesting that they exert effects through different pathways. BAR-activated AKT, induced DNA damage and inhibited cell proliferation. When the proteasome was inhibited, there was loss of BAR-mediated changes in p65 phosphorylation and SOD2 expression suggesting non-canonical NFkB signaling effects. These data suggest that BAR-induced ROS are important in inhibiting MCF7 migration and metabolism by negatively affecting glycolytic capacity and mitochondrial function.

Bardoxolone methyl prevents obesity and hypothalamic dysfunction.[Pubmed:27417254]

Chem Biol Interact. 2016 Aug 25;256:178-87.

High-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity is associated with hypothalamic leptin resistance and low grade chronic inflammation, which largely impairs the neuroregulation of negative energy balance. Neuroregulation of negative energy balance is largely controlled by the mediobasal and paraventricular nuclei regions of the hypothalamus via leptin signal transduction. Recently, a derivative of oleanolic acid, Bardoxolone methyl (BM), has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. We tested the hypothesis that BM would prevent HF diet-induced obesity, hypothalamic leptin resistance, and inflammation in mice fed a HF diet. Oral administration of BM via drinking water (10 mg/kg daily) for 21 weeks significantly prevented an increase in body weight, energy intake, hyperleptinemia, and peripheral fat accumulation in mice fed a HF diet. Furthermore, BM treatment prevented HF diet-induced decreases in the anorexigenic effects of peripheral leptin administration. In the mediobasal and paraventricular nuclei regions of the hypothalamus, BM administration prevented HF diet-induced impairments of the downstream protein kinase b (Akt) pathway of hypothalamic leptin signalling. BM treatment also prevented an increase in inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in these two hypothalamic regions. These results identify a potential novel neuropharmacological application for BM in preventing HF diet-induced obesity, hypothalamic leptin resistance, and inflammation.

Description

Bardoxolone methyl (NSC 713200; RTA 402; CDDO Methyl ester) is a synthetic triterpenoid compound with potential antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities, acting as an activator of the Nrf2 pathway and an inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway.

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