CBB1007

CBB1007 is an inhibitor of histone demethylase LSD1with IC50 values of 5.27μM [1].

LSD1 is a member of the FAD-dependent amine oxidase family. It converts di-methylated H3K4 to mono- and un-methylated H3K4 and suppresses gene expression. As an inhibitor of LSD1, CBB1007 is developed to understand the function of the enzyme. In the in vitro assay, CBB1007 shows highly potent inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 5.27μM. It is specific against LSD1 and has no effect on other histone demethylases including LSD2 and JARID1A. In the mouse F9 embryonic teratocarcinoma cells, CBB1007 cause a reproducible increase of mono- and di-methylated H3K4 with IC50 value of 1μM-5μM. It also activates the expression of CHRM4 and SCN3A which are the target genes of LSD1. The inhibition of LSD1 results in the growth inhibition of these cells. Furthermore, CBB1007 is found to inhibit the proliferation of other pluripotent cancer cells as well as the embryonic stem cells that express the stem cell markers Oct4 and Sox2 [1].

References:
[1] Wang J, Lu F, Ren Q, et al. Novel histone demethylase LSD1 inhibitors selectively target cancer cells with pluripotent stem cell properties. Cancer research, 2011, 71(23): 7238-7249.

Inhibition of Lysine-Specific Demethylase-1 (LSD1/KDM1A) Promotes the Adipogenic Differentiation of hESCs Through H3K4 Methylation.[Pubmed:27059868]

Stem Cell Rev. 2016 Jun;12(3):298-304.

Given their totipotency, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can differentiate into all types of cells, including adipocytes, and provide an excellent research model for studying diseases associated with the metabolism of adipocytes, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus. Epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation and histone modification, plays an essential role in the development and differentiation of hESCs. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), a well-characterized histone-modifying enzyme, demethylates dimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) through a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent oxidative reaction. LSD1 affects the growth and differentiation of human and mouse ES cells, and the deletion of this gene in mice leads to embryonic lethality. Here, we investigated the functional role of LSD1 during the adipogenic differentiation of hESCs involving the demethylation of H3K4. We also found that treating hESCs with the LSD1 inhibitor CBB1007 promotes the adipogenic differentiation of hESCs.

Evaluation of Epigenetic Drug Targeting of Heterogenous Tumor Cell Fractions Using Potential Biomarkers of Response in Ovarian Cancer.[Pubmed:26130461]

Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Nov 15;21(22):5151-63.

PURPOSE: Resolution of aberrant epigenetic changes leading to altered gene expression during transformation and tumor progression is pertinent for mechanistic understanding of disrupted pathways in cancer. Such changes provide for biomarkers that can be applied in drug screening and improved disease management. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Genome-wide profiling and analyses of promoter DNA methylation, histone modifications, and gene expression of an in vitro progression model of serous ovarian adenocarcinoma were carried out. Similar in silico analyses and comparison of methylation and gene expression of early- and late-grade ovarian cancer samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas assigned a clinical relevance to our study. Candidate biomarkers were evaluated for epigenetic drug treatments in experimental animal models on a background of differing tumor cell responses arising from intratumor heterogeneity. RESULTS: Differentially regulated genes during tumor progression were identified through the previously mentioned analyses as candidate biomarkers. In examining the tumor suppressor PTGIS as a potential biomarker for treatment with either 5-Aza-dC or TSA, 5-Aza-dC effectively stabilized cell cycling, restricted genetic instability, and derepressed PTGIS expression, while TSA led to emergence of drug-resistant progenitors lacking PTGIS expression. Profiling MEST and RXRgamma for curcumin and CBB1007, respectively, indicated an inability of curcumin and CBB1007 in restricting residual tumor regenerative capabilities. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides novel insights into epigenetic regulation in ovarian cancer progression and potential biomarkers for evaluating efficacy of epigenetic drugs in restricting residual tumor regeneration. Such approaches may assign a new functional interpretation of drug efficacy and cell tumor responses in ovarian cancer.

Lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitors protect cochlear spiral ganglion neurons against cisplatin-induced damage.[Pubmed:26011390]

Neuroreport. 2015 Jun 17;26(9):539-47.

Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug, but one of its side effects is ototoxicity. Epigenetic-related drugs, such as lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitors, have been reported to protect against cisplatin-induced hair cell loss by preventing demethylation of histone H3K4 (H3K4me2). However, the protective effect of LSD1 inhibitors in spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) remains unclear. To investigate whether LSD1 inhibitors exert similar protective effects on SGNs, we treated mouse cochlear explant cultures with LSD1 inhibitors (2PCPA, S2101, or CBB1007) together with cisplatin. Low concentrations of cisplatin damaged SGNs much more than high concentrations, and blocking the demethylation of H3K4me2 with LSD1 inhibitors prevented the SGNs from injury. Reactive oxygen species are also involved in the injury process, and LSD1 inhibitors protected SGNs by increasing the expression level of the antioxidant gene Slc7a11 and decreasing the level of the pro-oxidant gene lactoperoxidase (Lpo). Our findings show that LSD1 inhibitors prevent cisplatin-induced SGN loss by regulating the demethylation of H3K4 and preventing increases of reactive oxygen species levels, which might provide a potential therapeutic strategy for cisplatin-induced hearing loss.

Analysis of the levels of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) mRNA in human ovarian tumors and the effects of chemical LSD1 inhibitors in ovarian cancer cell lines.[Pubmed:24165091]

J Ovarian Res. 2013 Oct 29;6(1):75.

BACKGROUND: Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1, also known as KDM1A and AOF2) is a chromatin-modifying activity that catalyzes the removal of methyl groups from lysine residues in histone and non-histone proteins, regulating gene transcription. LSD1 is overexpressed in several cancer types, and chemical inhibition of the LSD1 activity has been proposed as a candidate cancer therapy. Here, we examine the levels of LSD1 mRNA in human ovarian tumors and the cytotoxicity of several chemical LSD1 inhibitors in a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines. METHODS: We measured LSD1 mRNA levels in a cohort of n = 177 normal and heterogeneous tumor specimens by quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR). Tumors were classified by FIGO stage, FIGO grade, and histological subtypes. We tested the robustness of our analyses in an independent cohort of n = 573 serous tumor specimens (source: TCGA, based on microarray). Statistical analyses were based on Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's and Mann Whitney tests. Changes in LSD1 mRNA levels were also correlated with transcriptomic alterations at genome-wide scale. Effects on cell viability (MTS/PMS assay) of six LSD1 inhibitors (pargyline, TCP, RN-1, S2101, CAS 927019-63-4, and CBB1007) were also evaluated in a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3, OVCAR3, A2780 and cisplatin-resistant A2780cis). RESULTS: We found moderate but consistent LSD1 mRNA overexpression in stage IIIC and high-grade ovarian tumors. LSD1 mRNA overexpression correlated with a transcriptomic signature of up-regulated genes involved in cell cycle and down-regulated genes involved in the immune/inflammatory response, a signature previously observed in aggressive tumors. In fact, some ovarian tumors showing high levels of LSD1 mRNA are associated with poor patient survival. Chemical LSD1 inhibition induced cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer lines, which roughly correlated with their reported LSD1 inhibitory potential (RN-1,S2101 >> pargyline,TCP). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings may suggest a role of LSD1 in the biology of some ovarian tumors. It is of special interest to find a correlation of LSD1 mRNA overexpression with a transcriptomic signature relevant to cancer. Our findings, therefore, prompt further investigation of the role of LSD1 in ovarian cancer, as well as the study of its enzymatic inhibition in animal models for potential therapeutic purposes in the context of this disease.

CBB1007 is a cell-permeable amidino-guanidinium compound that acts as a potent, reversible and substrate competitive LSD1 selective inhibitor (IC50 = 5.27 μM for hLSD1).

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