Cyclo(Pro-Gly)

Streptomyces nigra sp. nov. Is a Novel Actinobacterium Isolated From Mangrove Soil and Exerts a Potent Antitumor Activity in Vitro.[Pubmed:30072967]

Front Microbiol. 2018 Jul 18;9:1587.

A new bacterial strain, designated 452(T), was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of the mangrove Avicennia marina in China. As determined, its cell wall peptidoglycan contained LL-diaminopimelic acid; MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H6) were the major isoprenoid quinones; and iso-C16:0 (31.3%), anteiso-C15:0 (16.9%), and iso-C15:0 (12.5%) were the major cellular fatty acids (>10.0%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain 452(T) formed a distinct lineage in the clade of the genus Streptomyces, and was closely related to S. coerulescens DSM 40146(T) (99.6% sequence identity), S. bellus DSM 40185(T) (99.5%), and S. coeruleorubidus DSM 41172(T) (99.3%). The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain 452(T) and these type strains ranged between 29.3 and 42.3%. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic features, the strain 452(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces nigra sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 452(T) (=KCTC 39960(T) = MCCC 1K03346(T)). Further, strain 452(T) extracts exhibited a pronounced antitumor activity against human cancer cell lines A549, HCT-116, and HepG2, but not against normal human colon cells CCD-18Co. Active substances in the fermentation broth of strain 452(T) were isolated by bioassay-guided analysis, and then purified using a macroporous resin, silica gel, sephadex LX-20 column, and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Eight proline-containing diketopiperazines, namely, cyclo(Pro-Ala), Cyclo(Pro-Gly), cyclo(Pro-Phe), cyclo(Pro-Met), cyclo(Pro-Val), cyclo(Pro-Leu), cyclo(Pro-Tyr), and cyclo(L-Leu-trans-4-hydroxy-L-Pro), were identified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The compounds displayed different levels of cytotoxicity. The highest cytotoxicity was exhibited by cyclo(Pro-Ala) and cyclo(Pro-Met) against A549 cells, and cyclo(Phe-Pro) and cyclo(Pro-Ala) against HCT-116 cells, with average IC50 values equal to 18.5, 27.3, 32.3, and 47.6 mug/mL, respectively. The diversity of diketopiperazines and other chemicals produced by 452(T) was further investigated using gas chromatography (GC)-MS and liquid chromatography (LC)-MS. The analysis revealed 16 types of metabolites with antitumor activity and 16 other types of diketopiperazines. Hence, extracts of the newly identified strain may be used a starting material for the development of antitumor agents.

Chiral Recognition of Diketopiperazine Cyclo(Pro-Gly) and Propranolol Using (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate.[Pubmed:26833443]

Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2016;64(2):142-9.

In the (1)H-NMR spectrum of a solution containing an equimolecular amount of cyclo(L-Pro-Gly), cyclo(D-Pro-Gly) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCg) in a D2O, a difference in the chemical shift of (1)H-NMR signal for H7alpha, H7beta,8alpha of the Pro residue was observed. Judging from the crystal structures of the 2 : 2 complexes of EGCg and cyclo(L-Pro-Gly), cyclo(D-Pro-Gly), the difference in the chemical shift resulted mainly from a magnetic anisotropic shielding effect by the ring current from the B ring of EGCg. Therefore, it was considered that chirality of Cyclo(Pro-Gly) was recognized by EGCg in the D2O solution. Furthermore, in the (1)H-NMR spectrum of a solution containing an equimolecular amount of racemic propranolol ((R)- and (S)-propranolols) and EGCg in D2O, the (1)H-NMR signal for H2 of the naphthalene group was observed as two doublets, suggesting that the racemic propranolol formed diastereomers of complexes with EGCg; as a result, chirality of propranolol was recognized by EGCg in the D2O solution.