Dihydroeponemycin

Description:IC50: 100 nm (antiproliferative IC50) [1]
The proteasome is a member of the growing N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolase family, whose aminoterminal side chains act as nucleophiles and free amino groups as proton acceptors. Proteasome inhibitors have been increasingly used to help define the role of the proteasome in cell biology. Dihydroeponemycin labels the catalytic threonine residues of the immunoproteasome subunits LMP2 and LMP7 and the constitutive proteasome subunit X, while epoxomicin covalently modifies the N-terminal catalytic threonine residues of the constitutive proteasome (X and Z) and immunoproteasome (LMP7 and MECL1) subunits.
In vitro: Previoius study reports that dihydroeponemycin, an analogue of the antitumor and antiangiogenic natural product eponemycin, selectively targets the 20S proteasome. Dihydroeponemycin covalently modifies a subset of catalytic proteasomal subunits, binding preferentially to the IFN-g-inducible subunits LMP2 and LMP7. Moreover, the three major peptidolytic activities of the proteasome are inhibited by dihydroeponemycin at different rates. In addition, dihydroeponemycin-mediated proteasome inhibition induces a spindle-like cellular morphological change and apoptosis. These results validate the proteasome as a target for antitumor pharmacological intervention and are relevant for the design of novel chemotherapeutic strategies [2].
In vivo: Recent study in the mouse model of dihydrosterptomycin shows that hair cells are targeted because aminoglycosides enter outer hair cells through large mechanically gated channels in the mechanosensory hair boundles. The aminoglycoside molecules then block the channels through which they entered. When this occurs, the aminoglycoside goes through the channel and effectively traps itself in the hair cell [3].
Clinical trial: Dihydroeponemycin  is currently in the preclinical development and non clinical trial is ongoing.
References:
[1] Kim KB, Myung J, Sin N, Crews CM. Proteasome inhibition by the natural products epoxomicin and dihydroeponemycin: insights into specificity and potency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1999;9(23):3335-40.
[2] Meng L, Kwok BH, Sin N, Crews CM. Eponemycin exerts its antitumor effect through the inhibition of proteasome function. Cancer Res. 1999;59(12):2798-801.
[3] Marcotti W, van Netten SM, Kros CJ. The aminoglycoside antibiotic dihydrostreptomycin rapidly enters mouse outer hair cells through the mechano-electrical transducer channels. J Physiol. 2005;567(Pt 2):505-21.

Proteasome inhibition by the natural products epoxomicin and dihydroeponemycin: insights into specificity and potency.[Pubmed:10612595]

Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1999 Dec 6;9(23):3335-40.

While two structurally related epoxyketone-containing antitumor natural products, epoxomicin and eponemycin, share the proteasome as a common intracellular target, they differ in their antiproliferative activity, proteasome subunit binding specificity, and rates of proteasome inhibition. As a first step towards understanding such differences and developing novel proteasome subunit-specific inhibitors, we report here the synthesis and characterization of epoxomicin/Dihydroeponemycin chimerae.