H-ß-Ala-OH

H-ß-Ala-OH

Pharmacology of the inhibitory glycine receptor: agonist and antagonist actions of amino acids and piperidine carboxylic acid compounds.[Pubmed:7476923]

Mol Pharmacol. 1995 Nov;48(5):919-27.

To define structure-activity relations for ligands binding to the inhibitory glycine receptor (GlyR), the agonistic and antagonistic properties of alpha- and beta-amino acids were analyzed at the recombinant human alpha 1 GlyR expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The agonistic activity of alpha-amino acids exhibited a marked stereoselectivity and was highly susceptible to substitutions at the C alpha-atom. In contrast, alpha-amino acid antagonism was not enantiomer dependent and was influenced little by C alpha-atom substitutions. The beta-amino acids taurine, beta-aminobutyric acid (beta-ABA), and beta-aminoisobutyric acid (beta-AIBA) are partial agonists at the GlyR. Low concentrations of these compounds competitively inhibited glycine responses, whereas higher concentrations elicited a significant membrane current. Nipecotic acid, which contains a trans-beta-amino acid configuration, behaved as purely competitive GlyR antagonist. Our data are consistent with the existence of a common binding site for all amino acid agonists and antagonists, at which the functional consequences of binding depend on the particular conformation a given ligand adopts within the binding pocket. In the case of beta-amino acids, the trans conformation appears to mediate antagonistic receptor binding, and the cis conformation appears to mediate agonistic receptor binding. This led us to propose that the partial agonist activity of a given beta-amino acid is determined by the relative mole fractions of the respective cis/trans conformers.

Tiagabine, SK&F 89976-A, CI-966, and NNC-711 are selective for the cloned GABA transporter GAT-1.[Pubmed:7851497]

Eur J Pharmacol. 1994 Oct 14;269(2):219-24.

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. The synaptic action of GABA is terminated by rapid uptake into presynaptic terminals and surrounding glial cells. Molecular cloning has revealed the existence of four distinct GABA transporters termed GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1. Pharmacological inhibition of transport provides a mechanism for increasing GABA-ergic transmission, which may be useful in the treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders. Recently, a number of lipophilic GABA transport inhibitors have been designed and synthesized, which are capable of crossing the blood brain barrier, and which display anticonvulsive activity. We have now determined the potency of four of these compounds, SK&F 89976-A (N-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)-3-piperidinecarboxylic acid), tiagabine ((R)-1-[4,4-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)-3-butenyl]-3- piperidencarboxylic acid), CI-966 ([1-[2-[bis 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]ethyl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3- pyridinecarboxylic acid), and NNC-711 (1-(2-(((diphenylmethylene)amino)oxy)ethyl)-1,2,4,6-tetrahydro-3- pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride), at each of the four cloned GABA transporters, and find them to be highly selective for GAT-1. These data suggest that the anticonvulsant activity of these compounds is mediated via inhibition of uptake by GAT-1.

A novel antagonist, phenylbenzene omega-phosphono-alpha-amino acid, for strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors in the rat spinal cord.[Pubmed:7812607]

Br J Pharmacol. 1994 Sep;113(1):165-70.

1. 3-[2'-Phosphonomethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl]alanine (PMBA) is a novel glycine antagonist at strychnine-sensitive receptors. The chemical structure of PMBA, possessing both a glycine moiety and a phosphono group, is quite different from that of strychnine. 2. In the spinal motoneurone of newborn rats, glycine (100 microM-1 mM) induced depolarizing responses in a concentration-dependent manner. PMBA effectively inhibited depolarizing responses to glycine and other agonists, such as taurine and beta-alanine. The dose-response curves for glycine were shifted to the right in an almost parallel manner (pA2 value: 5.30 +/- 0.23, n = 5) by PMBA which was about 60 times less potent than strychnine (pA2 value: 7.08 +/- 0.21, n = 5) as a glycine antagonist. 3. PMBA (1-100 microM) did not interact with modulatory glycine sites on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which suggests a high selectivity of PMBA for strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors. At considerably high concentrations (0.1 mM-1 mM), PMBA depressed responses to GABA (pA2 value: 3.57 +/- 0.24, n = 3). 4. PMBA inhibited the binding of [3H]-strychnine to synaptosomes from adult rat spinal cords; the IC50 values of PMBA, glycine and strychnine were 8 +/- 2, 9 +/- 3 and 0.08 +/- 0.04 microM, respectively (n = 5) for [3H]-strychnine (4.8 nM). 5. PMBA is a central excitant drug with relatively high potency and selectivity and should be useful as a pharmacological probe for analysing the mechanisms underlying physiological functions of glycine receptors.

β-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is shown to be metabolized into carnosine, which functions as an intracellular buffer.

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