Procyanidin B1

1 Crataegus sp. 2 Croton sp. 3 Fragaria sp. 4 Juniperus sp. 5 Malus sp. 6 Salix sp. 7 Sarcopoterium sp. 8 Theobroma sp. 9 Vaccinium sp. 10 Vitis sp.

Procyanidin B1 , inhibits infection by vesicular stomatitis virus and HCV pseudotype virus in Huh-7 cells, with IC50 of 29μM and 15μM, respectively. IC50:29μM and 15μM(VSV/HCV infection)[3] In vitro: Procyanidin B1 can bind to the TLR4–MD-2 heterodimer through a competitive interaction with LPS, which suppresses the activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways. This provide a new insight into the role of procyanidin B1 as an antagonist of the immune response involved in the development and progression of many inflammatory diseases.[1] Procyanidin B1 (PB1), a dimer of (?)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin,suppresses HCV RNA synthesis, possibly as a HCV RNA polymerase inhibitor.No inhibitory effects were observed in each component of PB1. We found that PB1 does not interfere with viral entry or receptor expression, but inhibits HCV RNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner.[3]

References:
[1]. Xing, J. et al.Anti-inflammatory effect of procyanidin B1 on LPS-treated THP1 cells via interaction with the TLR4-MD-2 heterodimer and p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 407, 89-95, doi:10.1007/s11010-015-2457-4 (2015) [2]. Terra, X. et al.Procyanidin dimer B1 and trimer C1 impair inflammatory response signalling in human monocytes. Free radical research 45, 611-619, doi:10.3109/10715762.2011.564165 (2011). [3]. Li, S. et al.Procyanidin B1 purified from Cinnamomi cortex suppresses hepatitis C virus replication. Antiviral chemistry & chemotherapy 20, 239-248, doi:10.3851/IMP1597 (2010).

Flavangenol (pine bark extract) and its major component procyanidin B1 enhance fatty acid oxidation in fat-loaded models.[Pubmed:22227333]

Eur J Pharmacol. 2012 Feb 29;677(1-3):147-53.

Flavangenol, one of several pine bark extract products, is expected to prevent metabolic diseases with its potent antioxidant effect, its anti-obesity effect and its improvement of insulin sensitivity. In this study, targeting the liver as one of the organs that plays an important role in energy metabolism, Flavangenol was investigated for its effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), its action mechanism and its active ingredients, using in vivo and in vitro experiment systems. Flavangenol suppressed intrahepatic fat accumulation in Western diet-loaded Tsumura Suzuki Obese Diabetes (TSOD) mice, which develop various metabolic diseases. In addition, Flavangenol significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of fatty acid oxidative enzymes (peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor alpha, acyl-CoA oxidase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase). In order to investigate the direct effect of Flavangenol on the liver, an in vitro fatty liver model prepared by adding a free fatty acid to human liver cancer cells (HepG2 cells) was used. In this model, Flavangenol significantly suppressed intracellular fat accumulation. Procyanidin B1, one of the major components of Flavangenol, also suppressed fat accumulation and induced mRNA expression of the fatty acid oxidative enzymes. As mentioned above, Flavangenol showed a significant suppressive effect in the NAFLD model, and it was suggested that the molecular mechanism is induction of fatty acid oxidation, with the effect mainly attributed to Procyanidin B1.

Protective effects of glycycoumarin and procyanidin B1, active components of traditional Japanese medicine yokukansan, on amyloid beta oligomer-induced neuronal death.[Pubmed:25446602]

J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Jan 15;159:122-8.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Yokukansan, a traditional Japanese (Kampo) medicine, is composed of seven medicinal herbs, and has been traditionally used to treat neurosis, insomnia, and night crying and irritability in children. Yokukansan and its constituent herbs, Glycyrrhiza and Uncaria Hook, have recently been shown to have protective effects against amyloid beta (Abeta) oligomer-induced apoptosis by suppressing the activation of caspase-3 in primary cultured neurons. The aim of the present study was to identify the effective components of Glycyrrhiza and Uncaria Hook against Abeta oligomer-induced neurotoxicity. We also attempted to clarify the mechanisms by which yokukansan and these herbs, as well as their components, suppressed the activation of caspase-3 in Abeta oligomer-treated neurons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rat primary cultured cortical neurons were treated with Abeta oligomer (3 muM). The protective effects of 16 components derived from Glycyrrhiza or Uncaria Hook against Abeta oligomer-induced neurotoxicity were determined using the MTT reduction assay 48 h after the treatment. The suppressive effects of the test substances, i.e., yokukansan, Glycyrrhiza, Uncaria Hook, and screened components, on the Abeta oligomer-induced activation of caspase-3(/7) were evaluated using the caspase-Glo assay 48 h after the Abeta oligomer treatment. The suppressive effects of the test substances on the activation of caspase-8 and -9, both of which are located upstream of caspase-3, were also examined 24h after the Abeta oligomer treatment. RESULTS: Two of the 16 components tested, glycycoumarin derived from Glycyrrhiza and Procyanidin B1 derived from Uncaria Hook, significantly inhibited Abeta oligomer-induced neuronal death in a dose-dependent manner. Glycyrrhiza, Uncaria Hook, and yokukansan significantly suppressed the Abeta oligomer-induced activation of caspase-3 as well as caspase-8 and -9. Glycycoumarin also suppressed the activation of caspase-3, but not caspase-8 and -9. Procyanidin B1 suppressed the activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that glycycoumarin and Procyanidin B1 had ameliorative effects on Abeta oligomer-induced neurotoxicity. The neuroprotective effects of glycycoumarin are thought to be due to the attenuated activation of caspase-3, but not caspase-8 or -9. Procyanidin B1, as well as yokukansan, Glycyrrhiza, and Uncaria Hook, may attenuate the activation of caspase-3 by inhibiting that of caspase-8 and -9.

Procyanidin B1 purified from Cinnamomi cortex suppresses hepatitis C virus replication.[Pubmed:20710064]

Antivir Chem Chemother. 2010 Aug 11;20(6):239-48.

BACKGROUND: A combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin is the current standard therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but this combination provides relatively low efficacy, especially in some patients with HCV genotype 1 infection; therefore, the development of novel therapeutic agents is required for further improvement in the treatment of chronic HCV infection. METHODS: HCV pseudotype and subgenomic replicon assays were used in this study. The interaction of compounds with HCV receptors was examined using flow cytometry. Intracellular RNA levels were determined by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. RESULTS: Procyanidin B1 (PB1), a dimer of (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin, purified from Cinnamomi cortex, inhibits infection by vesicular stomatitis virus and HCV pseudotype virus in Huh-7 cells, with 50% effective concentrations of 29 and 15 microM, respectively. No inhibitory effects were observed in each component of PB1. We found that PB1 does not interfere with viral entry or receptor expression, but inhibits HCV RNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that PB1 suppresses HCV RNA synthesis, possibly as a HCV RNA polymerase inhibitor. Our results might contribute towards the development of more effective inhibitors for HCV infection from natural plants.

Anti-inflammatory effect of procyanidin B1 on LPS-treated THP1 cells via interaction with the TLR4-MD-2 heterodimer and p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling.[Pubmed:26037075]

Mol Cell Biochem. 2015 Sep;407(1-2):89-95.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Procyanidin B1 have been documented; however, the molecular mechanisms that are involved have not been fully elucidated. Molecular docking models were applied to evaluate the binding capacity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Procyanidin B1 with the toll-like receptor (TLR)4/myeloid differentiation factor (MD)-2 complex. LPS-induced production of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in a human monocyte cell line (THP1) was measured by ELISA. mRNA expression of MD-2, TLR4, TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-6, and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB was measured by real-time PCR with or without an 18-h co-treatment with Procyanidin B1. In addition, protein expression of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-kappaB was determined by Western blotting. Structural modeling studies identified Tyr296 in TLR4 and Ser120 in MD-2 as critical sites for hydrogen bonding with Procyanidin B1, similar to the sites occupied by LPS. The production of TNF-alpha was significantly decreased by Procyanidin B1 in LPS-treated THP1 cells (p < 0.05). Procyanidin B1 also significantly suppressed levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB protein, as well as mRNA levels of MD-2, TRAF-6, and NF-kappaB (all p < 0.05). Procyanidin B1 can compete with LPS for binding to the TLR4-MD-2 heterodimer and suppress downstream activation of p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways.

Inhibitory activity of synthesized acetylated Procyanidin B1 analogs against HeLa S3 cells proliferation.[Pubmed:24500007]

Molecules. 2014 Feb 4;19(2):1775-85.

Proanthocyanidins, also known as condensed tannins and/or oligomeric flavonoids, occur in many edible plants and have various interesting biological activities. Previously, we reported a synthetic method for the preparation of various procyanidins in pure form and described their biological activities. Here, we describe the synthesis of Procyanidin B1 acetylated analogs and discuss their inhibition activities against HeLa S3 cell proliferation. Surprisingly, the lower-unit acetylated Procyanidin B1 strongly inhibited the proliferation of HeLa S3 cells. This molecule showed much stronger inhibitory activity than did epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), green tea polyphenol, and dimeric compounds that included EGCG as a unit. This result suggests that the phenolic hydroxyl groups of the upper-units in flavan-3-ols are important for their inhibitory activity against cancer cell proliferation and that a hydrophobic lower unit dimer enhances this activity.

Procyanidin B1 is a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from commonly eaten fruits, binds to TLR4/MD-2 complex, and has anti-inflammatory activity.

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