SKF 96365 hydrochloride

SKF 96365 hydrochloride is an inhibitor of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). Also, it inhibits transient receptor potential cation channels (TRPCs) and voltage-gated sodium current [1] [2] [3].

Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) increases cytosolic Ca2+ and induces the entry of extracellular calcium. TRPC channels are divided into store-operated and receptor-operated channels and play a critical role in brain development [1] [2].

SKF 96365 hydrochloride is a SOCE inhibitor. In MPP+ stressed PC12 cells, SKF-96365 (10, 50 μM) significantly prevented nuclear damage, decreased LDH release, increased cell viability and inhibited apoptosis. Also, SKF-96365 inhibited Homer1-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ release and intracellular calcium overload induced by MPP+ injury [1]. In rat ventricular myocytes, SKF-96365 inhibited INa in a frequency-dependent and use-dependent way [3]. In Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, SKF 96365 (25-100 μM) induced a robust [Ca2+]i transient in a dose-dependent way [4].

In rats, SKF-96365 significantly inhibited persistent spontaneous nociception induced by melittin and reduced hypersensitivity to both mechanical and thermal stimuli. These results suggested that SKF-96365-sensitive TRPC channels were involved in the processing of melittin-induced hypersensitivity and inflammatory pain [2].

References:
[1].  Chen T, Zhu J, Zhang C, et al. Protective effects of SKF-96365, a non-specific inhibitor of SOCE, against MPP+-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells: potential role of Homer1. PLoS One, 2013, 8(1): e55601.
[2].  Ding J, Zhang JR, Wang Y, et al. Effects of a non-selective TRPC channel blocker, SKF-96365, on melittin-induced spontaneous persistent nociception and inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. Neurosci Bull, 2012, 28(2): 173-181.
[3].  Chen KH, Liu H, Yang L, et al. SKF-96365 strongly inhibits voltage-gated sodium current in rat ventricular myocytes. Pflugers Arch, 2015, 467(6): 1227-1236.
[4].  Jan CR, Ho CM, Wu SN, et al. Multiple effects of 1-[beta-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy]-4-methoxyphenethyl]-1H-imidazole hydrochloride (SKF 96365) on Ca2+ signaling in MDCK cells: depletion of thapsigargin-sensitive Ca2+ store followed by capacitative Ca2+ entry, activation of a direct Ca2+ entry, and inhibition of thapsigargin-induced capacitative Ca2+ entry. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 1999, 359(2): 92-101.

Multiple effects of 1-[beta-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy]-4-methoxyphenethyl]-1H-imidazole hydrochloride (SKF 96365) on Ca2+ signaling in MDCK cells: depletion of thapsigargin-sensitive Ca2+ store followed by capacitative Ca2+ entry, activation of a direct Ca2+ entry, and inhibition of thapsigargin-induced capacitative Ca2+ entry.[Pubmed:10048593]

Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1999 Feb;359(2):92-101.

The effect of 1-[beta-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy]-4-methoxyphenethyl]-1H-imidazole hydrochloride (SKF 96365) on Ca2+ signaling in Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells was examined. SKF 96365 at 25-100 microM evoked a robust [Ca2+]i transient in a dose-dependent manner, measured by fura-2 fluorimetry. A concentration of 10 microM SKF 96365 did not have an effect. The transient consisted of a slow rise, a gradual decay, and a sustained plateau in physiological Ca2+ medium. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ reduced the Ca2+ signals evoked by 50-100 microM SKF 96365 by nearly half in the area under the curve, suggesting that SKF 96365 induced intracellular Ca2+ release and also extracellular Ca2+ influx. A concentration of 100 microM SKF 96365 caused significant Mn2+ quench of fura-2 fluorescence, which was partly inhibited by La3+ (1 mM) or Gd3+ (0.1 mM), indicating that the SKF 96365-induced Ca2+ influx had two components: one is sensitive to La3+ (1 mM) or Gd3+ (0.1 mM), the other is not. The internal Ca2+ source for the SKF 96365-induced [Ca2+]i transient was the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ store because, pretreatment with thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid, two inhibitors of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump nearly abolished the SKF 96365-induced [Ca2+]i increase in Ca2+-free medium. In contrast, pretreatment with 100 microM SKF 96365 only partly depleted the thapsigargin-sensitive Ca2+ store. Addition of 10 mM Ca2+ induced a significant [Ca2+]i increase after prior incubation with 100 microM SKF 96365 in Ca2+-free medium, demonstrating that SKF 96365 induced capacitative Ca2+ entry. This capacitative Ca2+ entry was about 40% of that induced by 1 microM thapsigargin. Additional to inducing its own capacitative Ca2+ entry, 100 microM SKF 96365 partly inhibited thapsigargin- or uridine trisphosphate (UTP)-induced capacitative Ca2+ entry. We also investigated the mechanisms underlying the decay of the SKF 96365-induced [Ca2+]i transient. Inhibition of the plasma membrane Ca2+ pump with La3+ or Gd3+, or lowering extracellular Na+ level to 0.35 mM, significantly increased the SKF 96365-induced [Ca2+]i transient. In contrast, the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone had little effect. In Ca2+-free medium, the thapsigargin-induced [Ca2+]i increase was greatly reduced by pretreatment with SKF 96365. Collectively, we have found that besides its well-known inhibitory action on capacitative Ca2+ entry in many cell types, in MDCK cells SKF 96365 exerted multiple and complex effects on Ca2+ signaling. It induced a considerable increase in [Ca2+]i by releasing Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum store followed by capacitative Ca2+ entry. It also caused a direct Ca2+ entry. The decay of the SKF 96365 response was significantly governed by efflux via the plasma membrane Ca2+ pump or Na+/Ca2+ exchange. Sequestration by mitochondria or the endoplasmic reticulum played a minor role. We caution use of SKF 96365 as an inhibitor of capacitative Ca2+ entry.

The transient receptor potential channel antagonist SKF96365 is a potent blocker of low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels.[Pubmed:20590636]

Br J Pharmacol. 2010 Jul;160(6):1464-75.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: SKF96365 (SKF), originally identified as a blocker of receptor-mediated calcium entry, is widely used diagnostically, as a blocker of transient receptor potential canonical type (TRPC) channels. While SKF has been used as a tool to define the functional roles of TRPC channels in various cell and tissue types, there are notable overlapping physiological and pathophysiological associations between TRPC channels and low-voltage-activated (LVA) T-type calcium channels. The activity of SKF against T-type Ca channels has not been previously explored, and here we systematically investigated the effects of SKF on recombinant and native voltage-gated Ca channel-mediated currents. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Effects of SKF on recombinant Ca channels were studied under whole-cell patch clamp conditions after expression in HEK293 cells. The effect of SKF on cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) expressing native T-type Ca channels was also assessed. KEY RESULTS: SKF blocked recombinant Ca channels, representative of each of the three main molecular genetic classes (Ca(V)1, Ca(V)2 and Ca(V)3) at concentrations typically utilized to assay TRPC function (10 microM). Particularly, human Ca(V)3.1 T-type Ca channels were more potently inhibited by SKF (IC(50) approximately 560 nM) in our experiments than previously reported for similarly expressed TRPC channels. SKF also inhibited native Ca(V)3.1 T-type currents in a rat cerebellar PC slice preparation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: SKF was a potent blocker of LVA T-type Ca channels. We suggest caution in the interpretation of results using SKF alone as a diagnostic agent for TRPC activity in native tissues.

STIM and Orai: the long-awaited constituents of store-operated calcium entry.[Pubmed:19187978]

Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2009 Mar;30(3):118-28.

Rapid changes in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations [Ca(2+)](i) are the most commonly used signals in biology to regulate a whole host of cellular functions including contraction, secretion and gene activation. A widely utilized form of Ca(2+) influx is termed store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) owing to its control by the Ca(2+) content of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The underlying molecular mechanism of SOCE has eluded identification until recently when two groups of proteins, the ER Ca(2+) sensors stromal interaction molecule (STIM)1 and STIM2 and the plasma-membrane channels Orai1, Orai2 and Orai3, have been identified. These landmark discoveries have enabled impressive progress in clarifying how these proteins work in concert and what developmental and cellular processes require their participation most. As we begin to better understand the biology of the STIM and Orai proteins, the attention to the pharmacological tools to influence their functions quickly follow suit. Here, we briefly summarize recent developments in this exciting area of Ca(2+) signaling.

SK&F 96365, a novel inhibitor of receptor-mediated calcium entry.[Pubmed:2173565]

Biochem J. 1990 Oct 15;271(2):515-22.

A novel inhibitor of receptor-mediated calcium entry (RMCE) is described. SK&F 96365 (1-(beta-[3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)propoxy]-4-methoxyphenethyl)-1H- imidazole hydrochloride) is structurally distinct from the known 'calcium antagonists' and shows selectivity in blocking RMCE compared with receptor-mediated internal Ca2+ release. Human platelets, neutrophils and endothelial cells were loaded with the fluorescent Ca2(+)-indicator dyes quin2 or fura-2, in order to measure Ca2+ or Mn2+ entry through RMCE as well as Ca2+ release from internal stores. The IC50 (concn. producing 50% inhibition) for inhibition of RMCE by SK&F 96365 in platelets stimulated with ADP or thrombin was 8.5 microM or 11.7 microM respectively; these concentrations of SK&F 96365 did not affect internal Ca2+ release. Similar effects of SK&F 96365 were observed in suspensions of neutrophils and in single endothelial cells. SK&F 96365 also inhibited agonist-stimulated Mn2+ entry in platelets and neutrophils. The effects of SK&F 96365 were independent of cell type and of agonist, as would be expected for a compound that modulates post-receptor events. Voltage-gated Ca2+ entry in fura-2-loaded GH3 (pituitary) cells and rabbit ear-artery smooth-muscle cells held under voltage-clamp was also inhibited by SK&F 96365; however, the ATP-gated Ca2(+)-permeable channel of rabbit ear-artery smooth-muscle cells was unaffected by SK&F 96365. Thus SK&F 96365 (unlike the 'organic Ca2+ antagonists') shows no selectivity between voltage-gated Ca2+ entry and RMCE, although the lack of effect on ATP-gated channels indicates that it discriminates between different types of RMCE. The effects of SK&F 96365 on functional responses of cells thought to be dependent on Ca2+ entry via RMCE were also studied. Under conditions where platelet aggregation is dependent on stimulated Ca2+ entry via RMCE, the response was blocked by SK&F 96365 with an IC50 of 15.9 microM, which is similar to the IC50 of 8-12 microM observed for inhibition of RMCE. Adhesion and chemotaxis of neutrophils were also inhibited by SK&F 96365. SK&F 96365 is a useful tool to distinguish RMCE from internal Ca2+ release, and to probe the role of RMCE in mediating functional responses of cells. However, SK&F 96365 is not as potent (IC50 around 10 microM) or selective (also inhibits voltage-gated Ca2+ entry) as would be desirable, so caution must be exercised when using this compound.