Spermidine trihydrochloride

Biogenic amines profile and concentration in commercial milks for infants and young children.[Pubmed:30722764]

Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2019 Mar;36(3):337-349.

Commercial milks for infants and young children (CMIYC) received much attention during last years for their impact on the nutritional status, health and development of the new-born and babies. Among possible contaminants contained in these foods, biogenic amines (BAs) have rarely been determined although they can exert toxic effects in humans if ingested at high concentrations. Spermine, spermidine, putrescine, histamine, tyramine, beta-phenylethylamine and cadaverine have been quantified in CMIYC samples by LC-UV after derivatisation with dansyl-chloride. Once optimised in terms of linearity (R(2) >/= 0.989), recovery percentages (92.9-97.3), LOD (0.2-0.4 mug g(-1) or 0.03-0.05 mug mL(-1) depending on the samples), LOQ (0.5-1.0 mug g(-1) and 0.08-0.13 mug mL(-1) depending on the samples) and repeatability (0.1-0.2 intra-day; 0.2-0.4 inter-day), the method has been applied to real samples. Very low total BAs concentrations have been found in reconstituted (1.18-3.12 mg L(-1)) and liquid milks (0.33-2.30 mg L(-1)), with different biogenic amine profiles and distributions. A risk assessment based on the available information regarding Acute Reference Doses of histamine and tyramine, as well as the application of common Biogenic Amine Indexes, showed that none of the analysed samples represented a possible risk for babies, also considering a worst case evaluation. These findings confirmed the strict safety and quality protocols adopted during the production of CMIYC. Chemical compounds studied in this article: Ammonium chloride (PubChem CID: 25517); Cadaverine hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 5351467); Hydrochloridric acid (PubChem CID: 313); Histamine dihydrochloride (PubChem CID: 5818); Phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 9075); Putrescine dihydrochloride (PubChem CID: 9532); Sodium hydroxide (PubChem CID: 14798); Spermine tetrahydrochloride (PubChem CID: 1103); Spermidine trihydrochloride (PubChem CID: 1102); Tyramine hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 66449).

Spermidine, a polyamine site agonist, attenuates working memory deficits caused by blockade of hippocampal muscarinic receptors and mGluRs in rats.[Pubmed:9630697]

Brain Res. 1998 May 18;793(1-2):311-4.

Spermidine, an agonist of the polyamine site on the NMDA receptor/channel complex, did not affect the number of errors (attempts to pass through two incorrect panels of the three panel-gates at four choice points) in the working memory task with a three-panel runway setup, when injected bilaterally at 1 or 10 microg/side into the dorsal hippocampus. Intrahippocampal administration of the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine (3. 2 microg/side) significantly increased the number of working memory errors. The increase in working memory errors by intrahippocampal 3. 2 microg/side scopolamine was significantly reduced by concurrent infusion of 10 microg/side spermidine. Likewise, spermidine (10 microg/side) was effective in attenuating the increase in working memory errors induced by intrahippocampal administration of AIDA (3. 2 microg/side), a potent and selective antagonist of the class I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). These results suggest that enhanced NMDA function via polyamine modulatory site on the NMDA receptor/channel can compensate dysfunction of hippocampal cholinergic and mGluR-mediated neurotransmission involved in working memory function.

Polyamines modulate the neurotoxic effects of NMDA in vivo.[Pubmed:8358608]

Brain Res. 1993 Jul 9;616(1-2):163-70.

The ability of polyamines to alter NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in neonatal rats was examined to determine whether polyamines modulate NMDA receptor activity in vivo. Unilateral injections of NMDA and/or polyamines were made into the striatum of 7-day-old rats. After 5 days, the brains were removed and 20 microns thick coronal sections were cut and stained with Cresyl violet. A computer-based image analysis system was used to densitometrically measure the cross-sectional area of intact tissue in the control and injected hemispheres. Administration of NMDA (5-40 nmol) produced a dose-dependent tissue damage that ranged from 7 to 52% of the area of the uninjected hemisphere. The polyamine agonist spermine (10-500 nmol) dose-dependently exacerbated the toxicity of a 15 nmol dose of NMDA, increasing the size of the lesion by up to 50%. Administration of spermine alone produced dose-dependent tissue damage that ranged from 9 to 52%. The damage produced by both NMDA and spermine could be completely inhibited by co-administration of the NMDA antagonist MK-801. The polyamine inverse agonist 1,10-diaminodecane (DA-10, 50-400 nmol) inhibited the damage produced by NMDA in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximal inhibition of 50%. Administration of DA-10 alone produced limited damage at doses above 100 nmol. The weak partial agonist diethylenetriamine had no effect by itself or on NMDA-induced toxicity at the doses tested. These results indicate that polyamines can modulate the activity of NMDA receptors in vivo and suggest that polyamines or related compounds may have important therapeutic potential as neuroprotective agents.

Effects of polyamines on the binding of [3H]MK-801 to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor: pharmacological evidence for the existence of a polyamine recognition site.[Pubmed:2554112]

Mol Pharmacol. 1989 Oct;36(4):575-81.

A heat-stable factor of low molecular weight that increases the binding of [3H]MK-801 to rat brain membranes in the presence of maximally effective concentrations of L-glutamate and glycine was purified from bovine brain by reverse phase and ion-exchange high pressure liquid chromatography. The stimulatory activity was due to the presence of spermidine in the active fractions. Polyamines including spermine and spermidine are found in high concentrations in mammalian tissue. These compounds increase the affinity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors for [3H]MK-801 when assays are carried out in the presence of 100 microM L-glutamate and 100 microM glycine. At concentrations of 1 to 300 microM, a number of di- and triamines, including NH2(CH2)3NH2, NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)2NH2, and NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH2, have partial or full agonist-like activity similar to that of spermidine. Other polyamines, including putrescine, cadaverine, NH2(CH2)2NH(CH2)2NH2, and CH3NH(CH2)3NHCH3, at concentrations of 1 to 100 microM, inhibited the binding of [3H]MK-801 in the presence of spermine, L-glutamate, and glycine but not in the presence of only L-glutamate and glycine. It is concluded that these compounds are selective antagonists of the effects of spermine at the NMDA receptor. These results suggest that there may be a polyamine recognition site on the NMDA receptor complex.

Spermidine trihydrochloride maintains cell membrane stability, increases antioxidant enzymes activities, improving photosystem II (PSII), and relevant gene expression. Spermidine trihydrochloride significantly decreases the H2O2 and O2.- contents.

Spermidine trihydrochloride,334-50-9,Natural Products,NMDA Receptor, buy Spermidine trihydrochloride , Spermidine trihydrochloride supplier , purchase Spermidine trihydrochloride , Spermidine trihydrochloride cost , Spermidine trihydrochloride manufacturer , order Spermidine trihydrochloride , high purity Spermidine trihydrochloride