14-Deoxy-11-oxoandrographolide

The Natural Ligand for Metalloproteinase-A Multifaceted Drug Target.[Pubmed:34997448]

Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2022 Apr;194(4):1716-1739.

Metalloproteinase is one of the key components of Russell viper venom and it is the root cause of edema, blood coagulation, local tissue damage, hemorrhage, and inflammation during snakebite envenoming. Hence, finding a suitable metalloproteinase inhibitor from natural source will be of great biological importance in mitigating pathological effects. In this current study, we employed computational analysis to examine the inhibition of metalloproteinase by phytochemicals present in Andrographis paniculata. Molecular docking studies revealed interaction of A. paniculata phytochemicals with the catalytic M domain's active site amino acid residues, namely ASN203, ARG293, PHE203, LEU206, LYS199, and ALA122, similar to that of the reference compound Batimastat. 14-acetylandrographolide, 14-deoxy-11,12 didehydroandrographolide, Andrograpanin, Isoandrographolide, and 14-Deoxy-11-oxoandrographolide displayed high binding energy and inhibition against the metalloproteinase. Molecular dynamic simulation analysis revealed less root mean square fluctuation of amino acid residues of metalloproteinase-14-acetylandrographolide complex than metalloproteinase-Batimastat complex indicating the high stability for metalloproteinase with the phytochemical. In silico analysis of parameters like ADME properties and drug-likeness of the phytochemicals exhibited good pharmacokinetic properties. Ligand-based virtual screening of phytochemicals to identify similarity to FDA-approved drugs and identification of their possible targets were also performed. The outcome of the current study strengthens the significance of these phytochemicals as promising lead candidates for the treatment of snakebite envenomation. Moreover, the study also encourages the in vivo and in vitro evaluation of the phytochemicals to validate the computational findings.

Structural basis for complementary and alternative medicine: Phytochemical interaction with non-structural protein 2 protease-a reverse engineering strategy.[Pubmed:25491534]

Chin J Integr Med. 2015 Jun;21(6):445-52.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the druggability of the bioactive compounds from traditional herbal formulations "Nilavembu Kudineer" and "Swasthya Raksha Amruta Peya" to heal chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection. METHODS: The efficiency of twenty novel chemical entities from "Nilavembu Kudineer" and "Swasthya Raksha Amruta Peya" to inhibit CHIKV infection in silico were evaluated. Ligands were prepared using Ligprep module of Schrodinger. Active site was identified using SiteMap program. Grid box was generated using receptor grid generation wizard. Molecular docking was carried out using Grid Based Ligand Docking with Energetics (GLIDE) program. RESULTS: Molecular docking studies showed that among twenty compounds, andrographoside, deoxyandrographoside, neoandrographolide, 14-Deoxy-11-oxoandrographolide, butoxone and oleanolic acid showed GLIDE extra precision (XP) score of -9.10, -8.72, -8.25, -7.38, -7.28 and -7.01, respectively which were greater than or comparable with chloroquine (reference compound) XP score (-7.08) and were found to interact with the key residues GLU 1043, LYS 1045, GLY 1176, LEU 1203, HIS 1222 and LYS 1239 which were characteristic functional unit crucial for replication of CHIKV. CONCLUSION: The binding affinity and the binding mode of chemical entities taken from herbal formulations with non-structural protein 2 protease were understood and our study provided a novel strategy in the development and design of drugs for CHIKV infection.

Delivery in vivo of 14-deoxy-11-oxoandrographolide, an antileishmanial agent, by different drug carriers.[Pubmed:22900306]

Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2003 Jun;40(3):169-74.

An antileishmanial compound, 14-deoxy-11-oxo-andrographolide, a derivative of andrographlide, isolated from the Indian medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata was evaluated for efficacy in free form and in different vesicular delivery modes on hamster model of Leishmaniasis. The subcutaneous injection of free drug reduced the spleen parasite load by 39%, whereas for drug incorporated in liposomes, niosomes and microspheres, reductions in the parasite load were 78%, 91% and 59%, respectively. Moreover, the drug in various delivery modes, particularly in liposomal and niosomal forms, showed no apparent immediate toxicity. Although an inverse linear relationship between the size of carriers and per cent efficacy in reduction of spleen parasite load was established, involvement of other factors such as drug release profiles or rates remains an open question. Because of greater efficacy and lesser toxicity, liposomal, niosomal and possibly microsphere-incorporated 14-deoxy-11-oxo-andrographolide might have clinical application to combat visceral Leishmaniasis.