Cl-HOBt

Reagent to suppress racemization in peptide coupling, which is not toxic.

Synthesis and characterization of time-resolved fluorescence probes for evaluation of competitive binding to melanocortin receptors.[Pubmed:23890524]

Bioorg Med Chem. 2013 Sep 1;21(17):5029-38.

Probes for use in time-resolved fluorescence competitive binding assays at melanocortin receptors based on the parental ligands MSH(4), MSH(7), and NDP-alpha-MSH were prepared by solid phase synthesis methods, purified, and characterized. The saturation binding of these probes was studied using HEK-293 cells engineered to overexpress the human melanocortin 4 receptor (hMC4R) as well as the human cholecystokinin 2 receptor (hCCK2R). The ratios of non-specific binding to total binding approached unity at high concentrations for each probe. At low probe concentrations, receptor-mediated binding and uptake was discernable, and so probe concentrations were kept as low as possible in determining Kd values. The Eu-DTPA-PEGO-MSH(4) probe exhibited low specific binding relative to non-specific binding, even at low nanomolar concentrations, and was deemed unsuitable for use in competition binding assays. The Eu-DTPA-PEGO probes based on MSH(7) and NDP-alpha-MSH exhibited Kd values of 27+/-3.9nM and 4.2+/-0.48nM, respectively, for binding with hMC4R. These probes were employed in competitive binding assays to characterize the interactions of hMC4R with monovalent and divalent MSH(4), MSH(7), and NDP-alpha-MSH constructs derived from squalene. Results from assays with both probes reflected only statistical enhancements, suggesting improper ligand spacing on the squalene scaffold for the divalent constructs. The Ki values from competitive binding assays that employed the MSH(7)-based probe were generally lower than the Ki values obtained when the probe based on NDP-alpha-MSH was employed, which is consistent with the greater potency of the latter probe. The probe based on MSH(7) was also competed with monovalent, divalent, and trivalent MSH(4) constructs that previously demonstrated multivalent binding in competitive binding assays against a variant of the probe based on NDP-alpha-MSH. Results from these assays confirm multivalent binding, but suggest a more modest increase in avidity for these MSH(4) constructs than was previously reported.

N-terminal guanidinylation of TIPP (Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe) peptides results in major changes of the opioid activity profile.[Pubmed:23932788]

Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013 Sep 15;23(18):5082-5.

Derivatives of peptides of the TIPP (Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe; Tic=1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid) family containing a guanidino (Guan) function in place of the N-terminal amino group were synthesized in an effort to improve their blood-brain barrier permeability. Unexpectedly, N-terminal amidination significantly altered the in vitro opioid activity profiles. Guan-analogues of TIPP-related delta opioid antagonists showed delta partial agonist or mixed delta partial agonist/mu partial agonist activity. Guanidinylation of the mixed mu agonist/delta antagonists H-Dmt-Tic-Phe-Phe-NH2 (DIPP-NH2) and H-Dmt-TicPsi[CH2NH]Phe-Phe-NH2 (DIPP-NH2[Psi]) converted them to mixed mu agonist/delta agonists. A docking study revealed distinct positioning of DIPP-NH2 and Guan-DIPP-NH2 in the delta receptor binding site. Lys(3)-analogues of DIPP-NH2 and DIPP-NH2[Psi] (guanidinylated or non-guanidinylated) turned out to be mixed mu/kappa agonists with delta antagonist-, delta partial agonist- or delta full agonist activity. Compounds with some of the observed mixed opioid activity profiles have therapeutic potential as analgesics with reduced side effects or for treatment of cocaine addiction.