Cortisone acetate

Cortisone acetate (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone), a 21-carbon steroid hormone, is one of the main hormones released by the adrenal gland in response to stress.

Cyclic utilization of HP-beta-CD in the bioconversion of cortisone acetate by Arthrobacter simplex.[Pubmed:26704767]

Biotechnol Lett. 2016 Apr;38(4):597-602.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for the recovery and reutilization of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) to lower the cost of its industrial application in Cortisone acetate bioconversion. RESULTS: HP-beta-CD is not degraded by Arthrobacter simplex CPCC140451 (ASP) resting cells and 96.4 % HP-beta-CD could be recovered by isobutyl acetate extraction. Moreover, the inclusion ability of recovered HP-beta-CD barely decreased. The saccharide metabolic and catalytic activities of ASP were greater in the aqueous phase after extracting with isobutyl acetate than other organic solvents. Cyclic utilization tests showed that Cortisone acetate conversion ratio was 91.0 % after eight cycles and reached 95.7 % with 0.2-0.6 mM HP-beta-CD. Furthermore, >90 % conversion ratio was reached per cycle through a co-cyclic-utilization method with HP-beta-CD and immobilized ASP. CONCLUSION: Cortisone acetate conversion ratio in the HP-beta-CD cyclic-utilization method is promising for industrial applications. The method can also be expanded to other CDs and other hydrophobic compounds bioconversion.

Carbon isotope ratio analysis of endogenous glucocorticoid urinary metabolites after cortisone acetate and adrenosterone administration for doping control.[Pubmed:22987608]

Drug Test Anal. 2012 Dec;4(12):951-61.

Glucocorticoids are listed on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List of substances. The detection of the administration of hydrocortisone and cortisone is complicated by the fact that the human body also produces these steroids naturally. Gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry can be utilized to determine the use of endogenous glucocorticoids by measuring the carbon isotope ratio (CIR) of their resulting metabolites in human urine samples. A comprehensive sample preparation protocol for the analysis of endogenous glucocorticoid urinary metabolites was developed and validated, incorporating the use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for purification and chemical oxidation for derivatisation. Target compounds were tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone, and 11beta-hydroxyetiocholanolone, 11-oxoetiocholanolone and 11beta-hydroxyandrosterone, while pregnanediol functioned as the endogenous reference compound. Urine samples from a population of 50 volunteers were analyzed to determine CIR reference limits. Excretion studies of the endogenous glucocorticoid preparation Cortisone acetate (25 mg oral) and the dietary supplement adrenosterone (75 mg oral) were conducted with six male individuals. Variable changes in steroid metabolite isotopic composition were found across subjects after administration. The study also revealed that CIR analysis of the major glucocorticoid metabolites tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone is necessary to unambiguously distinguish administration of cortisone and adrenosterone, the former officially restricted to out-of-competition use by athletes, the latter not being restricted at the current time. Moreover, this study reaffirms that CIR methods for the doping control of endogenous steroids should not rely upon a single ERC, as the administration of an appropriate precursor to that ERC could cause complications during analysis.

Photocatalytic decomposition of cortisone acetate in aqueous solution.[Pubmed:24953705]

J Hazard Mater. 2015 Jan 23;282:208-15.

The photocatalytic decomposition of cortisone 21-acetate (CA), a model compound for the commonly used steroid, cortisone, was studied. CA was photocatalytically decomposed in a slurry reactor with the initial rates between 0.11 and 0.46 mg L(-1)min(-1) at 10 mg L(-1) concentration, using the following heterogeneous photocatalysts in decreasing order of their catalytic activity: ZnO>Evonik TiO2 P25>Hombikat TiO2>WO3. Due to the lack of ZnO stability in aqueous solutions, TiO2 P25 was chosen for further experiments. The decomposition reaction was found to be pseudo-first order and the rate constant decreased as a function of increasing initial CA concentration. Changing the initial pH of the CA solution did not affect the reaction rate significantly. The decomposition reaction in the presence of the oxidizing sacrificial agent sodium persulfate showed an observed decomposition rate constant of 0.004 min(-1), lower than that obtained for TiO2 P25 (0.040 min(-1)). The highest photocatalytic degradation rate constant was obtained combining both TiO2 P25 and S2O8(2-) (0.071 min(-1)) showing a synergistic effect. No reactive intermediates were detected using LC-MS showing fast photocatalytic decomposition kinetics of CA.

Construction of engineered Arthrobacter simplex with improved performance for cortisone acetate biotransformation.[Pubmed:24037307]

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013 Nov;97(21):9503-14.

Arthrobacter simplex 156 is a microorganism that is used for steroid drug biotransformation of Cortisone acetate (CA) to prednisone acetate (PA). The enzyme 3-ketosteroid- big up tri, open(1)-dehydrogenase encoded by the ksdD gene plays an important role in the bioconversion process. To further improve the biotransformation efficiencies of the industrial strain, a genetic manipulation system for A. simplex 156 was developed. Additional copies of the ksdD gene under the control of the cat promoter (from pXMJ19) were transferred into the strain A. simplex 156 and integrated into the 16S rDNA sites, yielding a series of recombinant strains. One of these recombinant strains, designated A. simplex M158, exhibited superior properties for CA biotransformation. At the substrate concentration of 83.6 g/l, the highest PA production of the recombinant strain reached 66.7 g/l, which is approximately 32.9 % higher than that of wild-type strains, and the incubation time for CA to PA bioconversion was reduced by 20 h. Southern blotting analysis of the recombinant strain indicated two copies of deregulated ksdD genes were integrated into the 16S rDNA sites, which means two of five 16S rRNA operons were insertionally disrupted in the recombinant strain. However, the disruption of the two 16S rRNA operons did not affect the growth rate of the recombinant strain, which survived and thrived under desired conditions. In addition, the new strain was genetically stable for more than 100 generations without the use of antibiotics for selection. These superior characteristics make the new strain more suitable than the wild-type strain for PA production.