Dorsomorphin

Dorsomorphin is a cell-permeable and reversible ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) with Ki value of 109nM [1].

Dorsomorphin is highly selective against AMPK over other structure related kinases such as protein kinase A, protein kinase C and Janus kinase 3. As an AMPK inhibitor, dorsomorphin is found to reverse the anti-proliferation induced by AMPK signaling in glucose-deprived mouse neural stem cells. It also shows inhibition of adipogenic differentiation in mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblasts [2].

Dorsomorphin is also reported to be an inhibitor of BMP signaling. It inhibits the phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8, resulting in a reduction of heterotopic ossification. It also decreases the gene transcription of hepatic hepcidin and leads to increased iron levels subsequently. Moreover, the inhibition of BMP caused by dorsomorphin promotes self-renewal and neural induction of human ESC [2]

References:
[1] Lu Y, Akinwumi BC, Shao Z, Anderson HD. Ligand Activation of Cannabinoid Receptors Attenuates Hypertrophy of Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2014 Jun 26.
[2] Kudo T, Kanetaka H, Mizuno K, et al. Effects of the Small Molecule Dorsomorphin on Intracellular Signaling. Interface Oral Health Science 2011. Springer Japan, 2012: 131-133.

Dual Inhibition of Activin/Nodal/TGF-beta and BMP Signaling Pathways by SB431542 and Dorsomorphin Induces Neuronal Differentiation of Human Adipose Derived Stem Cells.[Pubmed:26798350]

Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:1035374.

Damage to the nervous system can cause devastating diseases or musculoskeletal dysfunctions and transplantation of progenitor stem cells can be an excellent treatment option in this regard. Preclinical studies demonstrate that untreated stem cells, unlike stem cells activated to differentiate into neuronal lineage, do not survive in the neuronal tissues. Conventional methods of inducing neuronal differentiation of stem cells are complex and expensive. We therefore sought to determine if a simple, one-step, and cost effective method, previously reported to induce neuronal differentiation of embryonic stem cells and induced-pluripotent stem cells, can be applied to adult stem cells. Indeed, dual inhibition of activin/nodal/TGF-beta and BMP pathways using SB431542 and Dorsomorphin, respectively, induced neuronal differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) as evidenced by formation of neurite extensions, protein expression of neuron-specific gamma enolase, and mRNA expression of neuron-specific transcription factors Sox1 and Pax6 and matured neuronal marker NF200. This process correlated with enhanced phosphorylation of p38, Erk1/2, PI3K, and Akt1/3. Additionally, in vitro subcutaneous implants of SB431542 and Dorsomorphin treated hADSCs displayed significantly higher expression of active-axonal-growth-specific marker GAP43. Our data offers novel insights into cell-based therapies for the nervous system repair.

Small molecules dorsomorphin and LDN-193189 inhibit myostatin/GDF8 signaling and promote functional myoblast differentiation.[Pubmed:25368322]

J Biol Chem. 2015 Feb 6;290(6):3390-404.

GDF8, or myostatin, is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily of secreted polypeptide growth factors. GDF8 is a potent negative regulator of myogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. We found that GDF8 signaling was inhibited by the small molecule ATP competitive inhibitors Dorsomorphin and LDN-193189. These compounds were previously shown to be potent inhibitors of BMP signaling by binding to the BMP type I receptors ALK1/2/3/6. We present the crystal structure of the type II receptor ActRIIA with Dorsomorphin and demonstrate that Dorsomorphin or LDN-193189 target GDF8 induced Smad2/3 signaling and repression of myogenic transcription factors. As a result, both inhibitors rescued myogenesis in myoblasts treated with GDF8. As revealed by quantitative live cell microscopy, treatment with Dorsomorphin or LDN-193189 promoted the contractile activity of myotubular networks in vitro. We therefore suggest these inhibitors as suitable tools to promote functional myogenesis.

Dorsomorphin homologue 1, a highly selective small-molecule bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor, suppresses medial artery calcification.[Pubmed:27374065]

J Vasc Surg. 2017 Aug;66(2):586-593.

BACKGROUND: Medial artery calcification develops in diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and as part of the aging process. It is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in vascular patients. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have previously been implicated in the initiation and progression of vascular calcification. We thus evaluated whether Dorsomorphin homologue 1 (DMH1), a highly selective BMP inhibitor, could attenuate vascular calcification in vitro and in an organ culture model of medial calcification. METHODS: Confluent human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were cultured in calcification medium containing 3.0 mM inorganic phosphate (Pi) for 7 days with or without DMH1. Medial calcification was assessed using an aortic organ culture model. Calcification was visualized by alizarin red S staining, and calcium concentration was assessed by an o-cresolphthalein complexone calcium assay. Osteogenic cell and vascular SMC markers were determined by Western blot, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: DMH1 reduced Pi-induced calcium deposition in human SMCs. It also antagonized human recombinant BMP2-induced calcium accumulation. Western blot further revealed that DMH1 was able to block Pi-mediated upregulation of the osteoblast markers osterix and alkaline phosphatase and downregulation of the SMC markers smooth muscle myosin heavy chain and SM22alpha as well as p-Smad1/5/8, suggesting that DMH1 may regulate SMC osteogenic differentiation through the BMP/Smad1/5/8 signaling pathway. Finally, using an ex vivo aortic ring organ culture model, we observed that DMH1 reduces Pi-induced aortic medial calcification. CONCLUSIONS: The selective BMP inhibitor DMH1 can inhibit calcium accumulation in vascular SMCs and arterial segments exposed to elevated phosphate levels. Such small molecules may have clinical utility in reducing medial artery calcification in our population of vascular patients.

Dorsomorphin (Compound C) is a selective and ATP-competitive AMPK inhibitor (Ki=109 nM in the absence of AMP). Dorsomorphin (BML-275) selectively inhibits BMP type I receptors ALK2, ALK3, and ALK6. Dorsomorphin induces autophagy.

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