GNF179 Metabolite

GNF179 metabolite is the metabolite of GNF179, which is an optimized 8,8-dimethyl IP analog that exhibited the potency(4.8 nM against the multidrug resistant strain W2) in vitro metabolic stability and in vivo oral bioavailability.

Controversial alkoxyl and peroxyl radical scavenging activity of the tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid.[Pubmed:28376401]

Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Jun;90:332-338.

3-Hydroxy-anthranilic acid (3-OHAA), a tryptophan metabolite produced in the kynurenine pathway, is an efficient antioxidant towards peroxyl radicals (ROO) derived from the AAPH (2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride) thermolysis. However, self-reactions of ROO can give rise to alkoxyl radicals (RO), which could strongly affect the fate of scavenging reactions. In the present work, we studied the influence of RO in the scavenging activity of 3-OHAA in three different systems: i) Monitoring of the direct reaction between 3-OHAA and AAPH-derived free radicals (kinetic studies); ii) Evaluation of the protective effect of 3-OHAA on the AAPH-induced consumption of fluorescein; and, iii) Inhibition, given by 3-OHAA, of the AAPH-initiated lipid peroxidation of both, rat brain synaptosomes and homogenate preparations (assessed by chemiluminescence). For such purposes, the fraction of free radicals (f) trapped per 3-OHAA molecule was determined in each system. Kinetic results show that the oxidation of 3-OHAA follows a process dominated by ROO with a zero order kinetic limit in 3-OHAA, and a fraction (fri) equal to 0.88. From the induction times, elicited by 3-OHAA in the kinetic profiles of fluorescein consumption, a fraction (fT) of 0.28 was determined. 3-OHAA also generated induction times in the kinetic profiles of light emission during the AAPH-initiated lipid peroxidation of rat brain synaptosomes and homogenates. From such induction times, fractions of 0.61 and 0.63 were determined for rat brain synaptosomes (fsyn) and homogenates (fhom), respectively. These results show that during the incubation of 3-OHAA and AAPH, a low fraction of ROO self-reacts to generate RO. Nevertheless, when 3-OHAA is employed to protect particular targets, such as fluorescein, rat brain synaptosomes and homogenates, reactions of ROO and/or RO should be considered.

Untargeted metabolite analysis-based UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS reveals significant enrichment of p-hydroxybenzyl dimers of citric acids in fresh beige-scape Gastrodia elata (Wutianma).[Pubmed:28380386]

J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2017 Jun 5;140:287-294.

In order to comprehensively elucidate the chemical biosynthesis process of the beige-scape Gastrodia elata Blume (Wutianma) as a traditional herbal medicines, the untargeted analysis-based UHPLC-PDA-ESI-Q-TOF-MS reveals the metabolites ranging from the skeletons to novel dimers of citric acids in fresh and dried immature/mature stem tubers. Interestingly, two novel types of dimers for citric acids with the anhydride groups at sn-1 and/or sn-5 were discovered in fresh samples. Moreover, the classical mono- versus novel di-mers, and the aglycons versus the glycosides could be easily discriminated by signature fragmentation patterns and some novel adduct ions. The heat map of contents demonstrated more p-hydroxybenzyl metabolites than gastroxyl ones were determined in fresh Wutianma revealing a significant specificity with the lack of the sufficient gastrodin and gastroxyl products in biosynthetic pathway.

Gut Microbiota-Dependent Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide Contributes to Cardiac Dysfunction in Western Diet-Induced Obese Mice.[Pubmed:28377725]

Front Physiol. 2017 Mar 21;8:139.

Excessive consumption of diets high in sugars and saturated fat, frequently known as western diet (WD), may lead to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Recent evidence shows that WD-induced obesity impairs cardiac function, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite of specific dietary nutrients, has emerged as a key contributor to cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. We tested the hypothesis that elevated circulating TMAO levels contribute to cardiac dysfunction in WD-induced obesity. CD1 mice were fed a normal diet (ND) or a WD, without or with 1.0% 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB, an inhibitor of trimethylamine formation) in drinking water for 8 weeks. Compared with mice fed a ND, mice fed a WD showed a significant increase in body weight and dyslipidemia, and had markedly higher plasma TMAO levels at the end of the feeding protocol. Echocardiography revealed that cardiac systolic and diastolic function was impaired in mice fed a WD. DMB treatment had no effects on body weight and dyslipidemia, but significantly reduced plasma TMAO levels and prevented cardiac dysfunction in mice fed a WD. In addition, mice fed a WD had elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin IL-1beta, decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and increased interstitial fibrosis in the hearts, all of which were prevented by DMB treatment. Notably, DMB treatment also reduced plasma TMAO levels in mice fed a ND but did not alter other parameters. These results suggest that consumption of a WD increases circulating TMAO levels, which lead to cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, contributing to cardiac dysfunction. Interventions that reduce circulating TMAO levels may be a novel therapeutic strategy for prevention and treatment of WD-induced cardiac dysfunction.

Metabolite quantification by NMR and LC-MS/MS reveals differences between unstimulated, stimulated, and pure parotid saliva.[Pubmed:28380387]

J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2017 Jun 5;140:295-300.

Saliva is a readily available biofluid that is sensitive to metabolic changes and can be collected through rapid and non-invasive collection procedures, and it shows great promise for clinical metabolomic studies. This work studied the metabolite composition of, and the differences between, saliva samples collected by unstimulated spitting/drooling, paraffin chewing-stimulated spitting, and parotid gland suction using targeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for metabolite quantification. As applied here, these two analytical techniques provide complementary metabolite information and together extend the metabolome coverage with robust NMR quantification of soluble metabolites and sensitive targeted LC-MS/MS analysis of bioactive lipids in specific metabolic pathways. The NMR analysis was performed on ultrafiltrated (3kDa cutoff) saliva samples and resulted in a total of 45 quantified metabolites. The LC-MS/MS analysis was performed on both filtered and unfiltered samples and resulted in the quantification of two endocannabinoids (AEA and PEA) and 22 oxylipins, which at present is the most comprehensive targeted analysis of bioactive lipids in human saliva. Important differences in the metabolite composition were observed between the three saliva sample collection methods, which should be taken into consideration when designing metabolomic studies of saliva. Furthermore, the combined use of the two metabolomics platforms (NMR and LC-MS/MS) proved to be viable for research and clinical studies of the salivary metabolome.

GNF179 metabolite is the metabolite of GNF179, which is an optimized 8,8-dimethyl IP analog that exhibited the potency(4.8 nM against the multidrug resistant strain W2) in vitro metabolic stability and in vivo oral bioavailability.

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