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Moxonidine hydrochloride

α2AR/I1R agonist CAS# 75536-04-8

Moxonidine hydrochloride

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Chemical structure

Moxonidine hydrochloride

3D structure

Chemical Properties of Moxonidine hydrochloride

Cas No. 75536-04-8 SDF Download SDF
PubChem ID 11231255 Appearance Powder
Formula C9H13Cl2N5O M.Wt 278.14
Type of Compound N/A Storage Desiccate at -20°C
Synonyms BDF5895 hydrochloride
Solubility Soluble to 100 mM in ethanol and to 100 mM in DMSO
Chemical Name 4-chloro-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-6-methoxy-2-methylpyrimidin-5-amine;hydrochloride
SMILES CC1=NC(=C(C(=N1)Cl)NC2=NCCN2)OC.Cl
Standard InChIKey ZZPAWQYZQVUVHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Standard InChI InChI=1S/C9H12ClN5O.ClH/c1-5-13-7(10)6(8(14-5)16-2)15-9-11-3-4-12-9;/h3-4H2,1-2H3,(H2,11,12,15);1H
General tips For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.
We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months.
Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it.
About Packaging 1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial.
2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial.
3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment.
Shipping Condition Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request.

Biological Activity of Moxonidine hydrochloride

DescriptionMixed I1 imidazoline receptor and α2-adrenergic agonist; displays 40-fold higher affinity for I1 receptors versus α2-adrenoceptors. Centrally acting antihypertensive agent.

Moxonidine hydrochloride Dilution Calculator

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Moxonidine hydrochloride Molarity Calculator

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Preparing Stock Solutions of Moxonidine hydrochloride

1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 3.5953 mL 17.9766 mL 35.9531 mL 71.9062 mL 89.8828 mL
5 mM 0.7191 mL 3.5953 mL 7.1906 mL 14.3812 mL 17.9766 mL
10 mM 0.3595 mL 1.7977 mL 3.5953 mL 7.1906 mL 8.9883 mL
50 mM 0.0719 mL 0.3595 mL 0.7191 mL 1.4381 mL 1.7977 mL
100 mM 0.036 mL 0.1798 mL 0.3595 mL 0.7191 mL 0.8988 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.

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Background on Moxonidine hydrochloride

Moxonidine hydrochloride is a mixed agonist of α2-adrenergic receptor (α2AR) and imidazoline-1 receptor(I1R) with Ki values of 4.2±3.2 nmol/L, 13.0±4.2 nmol/L, 9.5±4.1 nmol/L and 15.6±9.8 nmol/L for I1R, α2AAR, α2BAR andα2CAR, respectively [1].

In multiple acute pain assays, moxonidine has been reported to produce dose-dependent analgesia.In both the α2AAR-dysfunctional and α2CAR-KO experimentsin mice, the rest analgesia function of moxonidine has been revealed to be mediated by α2ARs but not I1Rs [1]. In addition, Moxonidine has been reported to potently inhibit the binding of [3H]-clonidine to VLM (ventrolateral medulla) membranes in a dose-dependent manner with the IC50 value of 53 ± 10nM. In bovine adrenal medullary cells, Moxonidine has shown low affinity for I2-relative to I1R sites [2].

References:
[1]Stone LS1, Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL. Moxonidine, a mixed alpha(2)-adrenergic and imidazoline receptor agonist, identifies a novel adrenergic target for spinal analgesia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Dec;1009:378-85.
[2]Ernsberger P1, Damon TH, Graff LM, Schäfer SG, Christen MO.Moxonidine, a centrally acting antihypertensive agent, is a selective ligand for I1-imidazoline sites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993 Jan;264(1):172-82.

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References on Moxonidine hydrochloride

Imidazoline receptors associated with noradrenergic terminals in the rostral ventrolateral medulla mediate the hypotensive responses of moxonidine but not clonidine.[Pubmed:15857704]

Neuroscience. 2005;132(4):991-1007.

We determined whether the cardiovascular actions of central anti-hypertensive agents clonidine and moxonidine are dependent on noradrenergic or serotonergic innervation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in conscious rabbits. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or 5,6-dihydroxytriptamine (5,6-DHT) was injected into the RVLM to deplete noradrenergic and serotonergic terminals respectively. One, 2 and 4 weeks later, responses to fourth ventricular (4V) clonidine (0.65 microg/kg) and moxonidine (0.44 microg/kg) were examined. Destruction of noradrenergic pathways in the RVLM by 6-OHDA reduced the hypotensive response to 4V moxonidine to 62%, 47% and 60% of that observed in vehicle treated rabbits at weeks 1, 2 and 4 respectively. The moxonidine induced bradycardia was similarly attenuated (to 46% of vehicle). Conversely, 6-OHDA had no effect on the hypotensive or bradycardic effects of 4V clonidine. Efaroxan (I(1)-imidazoline receptor/alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist; 3.5, 11, 35 microg/kg) and 2-methoxyidazoxan (alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist; 0.3, 0.9, 3 microg/kg) equally reversed the hypotension to 4V clonidine, suggesting a mainly alpha(2)-adrenoceptor mechanism. Efaroxan preferentially reversed responses to moxonidine in both vehicle and 5,6-DHT groups and in the 1st week after 6-OHDA, suggesting a mechanism involving mainly I(1)-imidazoline receptors. This selectivity was subsequently lost in the 2nd and 4th weeks when the remaining hypotension was mainly mediated by alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. Depletion of serotonergic terminals did not alter the responses to either agonist nor did it change the relative effectiveness of the antagonists. Western blots of RVLM tissues probed with imidazoline and alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antisera showed a pattern of bands close to that reported in other species. The main effect of 6-OHDA was an 18% lower level of the 42 kDa imidazoline protein (P<0.05). We conclude that the hypotensive and bradycardic actions of moxonidine but not clonidine are mediated through imidazoline receptors and are dependent on intact noradrenergic pathways within the RVLM. Furthermore, the noradrenergic innervation may be associated with a 42 kDa imidazoline receptor protein.

Imidazoline receptors but not alpha 2-adrenoceptors are regulated in spontaneously hypertensive rat heart by chronic moxonidine treatment.[Pubmed:15075383]

J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Aug;310(2):446-51.

We have recently identified imidazoline I(1)-receptors in the heart. In the present study, we tested regulation of cardiac I(1)-receptors versus alpha(2) -adrenoceptors in response to hypertension and to chronic exposure to agonist. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, 12-14 weeks old) received moxonidine (10, 60, and 120 microg/kg/h s.c.) for 1 and 4 weeks. Autoradiographic binding of (125)I-paraiodoclonidine (0.5 nM, 1 h, 22 degrees C) and inhibition of binding with epinephrine (10(-10)-10(-5) M) demonstrated the presence of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in heart atria and ventricles. Immunoblotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction identified alpha(2A)-alpha(2B)-, and alpha(2C), and -adrenoceptor proteins and mRNA, respectively. However, compared with normotensive controls, cardiac alpha(2) -adrenoceptor kinetic parameters, receptor proteins, and mRNAs were not altered in SHR with or without moxonidine treatment. In contrast, autoradiography showed that up-regulated atrial I(1)-receptors in SHR are dose-dependently normalized by 1 week, with no additional effect after 4 weeks of treatment. Moxonidine (120 microg/kg/h) decreased B(max) in right (40.0 +/- 2.9-7.0 +/- 0.6 fmol/unit area; p < 0.01) and left (27.7 +/- 2.8-7.1 +/- 0.4 fmol/unit area; p < 0.01) atria, and decreased the 85- and 29-kDa imidazoline receptor protein bands, in right atria, to 51.8 +/- 3.0% (p < 0.01) and 82.7 +/- 5.2% (p < 0.03) of vehicle-treated SHR, respectively. Moxonidine-associated percentage of decrease in B(max) only correlated with the 85-kDa protein (R(2) = 0.57; p < 0.006), suggesting that this protein may represent I(2)-receptors. The weak but significant correlation between the two imidazoline receptor proteins (R(2) = 0.28; p < 0.03) implies that they arise from the same gene. In conclusion, the heart possesses I(1)-receptors and alpha(2)-adrenoceptors, but only I(1)-receptors are responsive to hypertension and to chronic in vivo treatment with a selective I(1)-receptor agonist.

Presynaptic effects of moxonidine in isolated buffer perfused rat hearts: role of imidazoline-1 receptors and alpha2-adrenoceptors.[Pubmed:12438540]

J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Dec;303(3):1163-70.

Numerous studies support the concept that centrally acting antihypertensive drugs, such as imidazolines, mediate sympathoinhibition not only via activation of central nervous alpha2-adrenoceptors (alpha2-AR) but also via imidazoline-1 receptors (I1-R). An additional presynaptic involvement in sympathetic neurotransmission of imidazolines, via I1-R independent of alpha2-AR, is still controversial and remains to be clarified in the heart. Concentration response curves on endogenous norepinephrine (NE) overflow evoked by stimulation of epicardial postganglionic sympathetic nerves in isolated buffer-perfused rat hearts were performed for brimonidine, moxonidine, rauwolscine, 2-endo-amino-3-exo-isopropylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (AGN192403), and efaroxan. To unmask an I1-R-mediated effect of moxonidine, hearts were pre-exposed in additional experiments with brimonidine or rauwolscine with or without AGN192403 or efaroxan, respectively. Moxonidine reduced stimulated NE overflow (log EC50: -6.15 +/- 0.14). AGN192403, a selective ligand at I1-R, had no influence on the dose-response curve of moxonidine (log EC50: -6.01 +/- 0.25). After pre-exposure to brimonidine [ stimulation 1 (S1) + stimulation 2 (S2); 10(-5) M], the inhibitory action of moxonidine was potentiated compared with control (32.0 +/- 2.8 versus 73.13 +/- 3.0%) and completely abolished with AGN192403 or efaroxan. This effect was also totally inhibited by pre-exposure with indomethacin (10(-7) M) and tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D-609), an inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine-selective phospholipase C (PC-PLC; 10(-7) M). Conversely, moxonidine was without modulating efficacy under alpha2-AR-blockade by rauwolscine. In summary, we demonstrate that moxonidine reduces NE release independently of I1-R, demonstrating the prominent effect of alpha2-AR in cardiac tissue under basal conditions. We also demonstrate that I1-R are involved in NE release under conditions of alpha2-AR-stimulation involving both a pathway of prostaglandins and PC-PLC.

Description

Moxonidine Hydrochloride is a selective agonist at the imidazoline receptor subtype 1, used as antihypertensive agent.

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