VX-745

VX-745 is a first-generation inhibitor of p38αMAPK with IC50 value of 1.0 μM when tested with Werner syndrome dermal fibroblasts [1].

Mammalian mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are serine /threonine kinases and have 4 subfamilies: ERK, JNK, MAPKp38 and ERK5. MAPK pathway plays a pivotal role in transmitting signals from cell membrane to nucleus and also participates in many intracellular signaling pathways that control a wide spectrum of cellular processes (growth, differentiation, stress responses, cancer progression) [2]. MAPKp38 is originally isolated from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes. And according to the distribution in tissue, regulation of kinase activation and subsequent phosphorylation of downstream substrates, it is divided into four isoforms p38alpha, p38beta, p38gamma and p38delta [3].

VX-745 is an exquisite kinase selectively inhibit p38αMAPK and is regarded as an anti-inflammatory candidate. When tested with PBMCs or whole blood, VX-745 treatment could inhibit the secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α in vitro [4]. In human dermal fibroblast cells, VX-745 treatment blocked p38 signaling to rescue the aging phenotype in Werner syndrome [5].

References:
[1].  Bagley, M.C., et al., Microwave-assisted Ullmann C-S bond formation: synthesis of the P38alpha MAPK clinical candidate VX-745. J Org Chem, 2009. 74(21): p. 8336-42.
[2].  Dent, P., et al., MAPK pathways in radiation responses. Oncogene, 2003. 22(37): p. 5885-96.
[3].  Dominguez, C., D.A. Powers, and N. Tamayo, p38 MAP kinase inhibitors: many are made, but few are chosen. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel, 2005. 8(4): p. 421-30.
[4].  Duffy, J.P., et al., The Discovery of VX-745: A Novel and Selective p38alpha Kinase Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett, 2011. 2(10): p. 758-63.
[5].  Bagley, M.C., et al., Gram-scale synthesis of the p38alpha MAPK-inhibitor VX-745 for preclinical studies into Werner syndrome. Future Med Chem, 2010. 2(9): p. 1417-27.

The Discovery of VX-745: A Novel and Selective p38alpha Kinase Inhibitor.[Pubmed:24900264]

ACS Med Chem Lett. 2011 Jul 28;2(10):758-63.

The synthesis of novel, selective, orally active 2,5-disubstituted 6H-pyrimido[1,6-b]pyridazin-6-one p38alpha inhibitors is described. Application of structural information from enzyme-ligand complexes guided the selection of screening compounds, leading to the identification of a novel class of p38alpha inhibitors containing a previously unreported bicyclic heterocycle core. Advancing the SAR of this series led to the eventual discovery of 5-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenylthio)-6H-pyrimido[1,6-b]pyridazin-6-o ne (VX-745). VX-745 displays excellent enzyme activity and selectivity, has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, and demonstrates good in vivo activity in models of inflammation.

Microwave-assisted Ullmann C-S bond formation: synthesis of the P38alpha MAPK clinical candidate VX-745.[Pubmed:19778055]

J Org Chem. 2009 Nov 6;74(21):8336-42.

Microwave irradiation promotes the rapid and efficient reaction of a thiophenol and aryl or heteroaryl halide using a copper or palladium catalyst and a range of ligands, depending upon substrate. Of particular utility is the use of copper(I) iodide (5 mol %) and trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol as ligand under basic conditions and microwave irradiation to give the corresponding sulfide in high yield. This method for C-S bond formation is applied in the four-step synthesis of the clinical candidate VX-745 in 38% overall yield. The inhibitory activity of VX-745 against p38alpha MAPK is confirmed in Werner syndrome dermal fibroblasts at 1.0 microM concentration by immunoblot assay.

Rapid synthesis of VX-745: p38 MAP kinase inhibition in Werner syndrome cells.[Pubmed:17659871]

Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007 Sep 15;17(18):5107-10.

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor VX-745 is prepared rapidly and efficiently in a four-step sequence using a combination of conductive heating and microwave-mediated steps. Its inhibitory activity was confirmed in hTERT immortalized HCA2 and WS dermal fibroblasts at 0.5-1.0 microM concentration by ELISA and immunoblot assay, and displays excellent kinase selectivity over the related stress-activated kinase JNK.

Gram-scale synthesis of the p38alpha MAPK-inhibitor VX-745 for preclinical studies into Werner syndrome.[Pubmed:21426137]

Future Med Chem. 2010 Sep;2(9):1417-27.

BACKGROUND: The ATP-competitive p38alpha MAPK inhibitor VX-745 exhibits an exquisite kinase selectivity profile, is effective in blocking p38 stress signaling in Werner syndrome dermal fibroblasts, has efficacy in clinical trials and may have therapeutic value against Werner syndrome. Previous synthetic routes, however, have only resulted in milligram quantities suitable for cell-based studies, whereas gram quantities would be required for in vivo use. RESULTS & DISCUSSION: Microwave irradiation using a stop-flow monomodal microwave reactor has been found to facilitate scale-up of the synthesis of VX-745. Ullmann-type C-S bond formation using thiophenol, chloropyridazine, copper(I) catalyst and diol ligand proceeds rapidly and efficiently in this apparatus for elaboration to the pyrimido[1,6-b]pyridazinone core of VX-745 on gram scale and with good overall yield. CONCLUSION: This method delivers the p38 inhibitor VX-745 in sufficient quantities for preclinical studies to rescue the aging phenotype in Werner syndrome.

Neflamapimod (VX-745) is a potent, blood-brain barrier penetrant, highly selective inhibitor of p38α inhibitor with an IC50 for p38α of 10 nM and for p38β of 220 nM. Neflamapimod (VX-745) possesses anti-inflammatory activity.

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