CIQ

CIQ is a subunit-selective potentiator of NMDA receptors containing the NR2C or NR2D subunit. IC50 value: 2.7 μM (EC50, for NR2C) and 2.8 μM (EC50, NR2D) Target: NMDA receptor CIQ increases channel opening frequency of recombinant NR2Cor NR2D containing receptors by two-fold (EC50 = 2.7 and 2.8 μM, respectively), with no effect on NR2A or NR2B subtypes. CIQ does not alter the EC50 values for glutamate or glycine on channel opening. CIQ increases channel opening efficiency and enhances NMDA receptor responses. CIQ reduces associated behaviours in schizophrenia models and potentially enhances dopamine release in Parkinson's disease models.

An examination of the psychometric properties of the community integration questionnaire (CIQ) in spinal cord injury.[Pubmed:24621050]

J Spinal Cord Med. 2015 Jul;38(4):446-55.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the psychometric properties of the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) in large samples of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Longitudinal 12-month survey study. SETTING: Nation-wide, community dwelling. PARTICIPANTS: Adults with SCI: 627 at Time 1, 494 at Time 2. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. OUTCOME MEASURES: The CIQ is a 15-item measure developed to measure three domains of community integration in individuals with traumatic brain injury: home integration, social integration, and productive activity. SCI consumer input suggested the need for two additional items assessing socializing at home and internet/email activity. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analyses at Time 1 indicated three factors. Time 2 confirmatory factor analysis did not show a good fit of the 3-factor model. CIQ scores were normally distributed and only the Productive subscale demonstrated problems with high (25%) ceiling effects. Internal reliability was acceptable for the Total and Home scales, but low for the Social and Productive activity scales. Validity of the CIQ is suggested by significant differences by sex, age, and wheelchair use. CONCLUSIONS: The factor structure of the CIQ was not stable over time. The CIQ may be most useful for assessing home integration, as this is the subscale with the most scale stability and internal reliability. The CIQ may be improved for use in SCI by including items that reflect higher levels of productive functioning, integration across the life span, and home- and internet-based social functioning.

Comparison of the Sydney Psychosocial Reintegration Scale (SPRS) with the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ): psychometric properties.[Pubmed:14660228]

Brain Inj. 2004 Feb;18(2):161-77.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: This study compared the psychometric properties of two community integration measures used with people with acquired brain injury (ABI) in the community. RESEARCH DESIGN: Questionnaires were mailed-out to people with ABI and nominated proxies. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Responses were obtained from 96 people with ABI and 121 proxies on the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) and the Sydney Psychosocial Reintegration Scale (SPRS). MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Matched client-proxy scores were not significantly different. The SPRS had greater internal consistency and more normal distributions than the CIQ. Correlations between the three pairs of theoretically parallel sub-scales were modest (0.41-0.60). Multi-dimensional scaling did not support the theoretical structure of the sub-scales, but found two dimensions underpinning the measurement of community integration. CONCLUSIONS: Mail-out administration is associated with poor completion rates. The SPRS has sound psychometric properties when compared to the CIQ. Further research investigating the theoretical structure of community integration in ABI is recommended.

Comparison of the CIQ and CHART Short Form in assessing community integration in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: a pilot study.[Pubmed:19339757]

NeuroRehabilitation. 2009;24(2):185-92.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the validity of the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) in measuring community integration in persons with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) through its comparison with the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique Short Form (CHART-SF). DESIGN: Correlational analysis. SETTING: Tertiary care rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-eight individuals with chronic SCI who completed the CIQ and CHART-SF during annual follow-up evaluation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The CIQ quantifies community integration based on subscales of Home Integration, Social Integration, and Productive Activity. The CHART-SF provides scores of community integration according to subscales of Physical Independence, Cognitive Independence, Mobility, Occupation, Social Integration, and Economic Self-Sufficiency. RESULTS: CIQ Home Integration was significantly correlated with CHART-SF Physical Independence, Cognitive Independence, Mobility, Occupation, and Social Integration (r's = 0.47-0.57). CIQ Social Integration was significantly correlated with CHART-SF Cognitive Independence, Mobility, Occupation, and Social Integration (r's = 0.43-0.77). CIQ Productive Activity was significantly correlated only with CHART-SF Mobility and Occupation (r's = 0.39-0.41). CONCLUSIONS: The CIQ may serve as a valid measure for examining community integration in persons with chronic SCI and may be particularly appealing given its relative brevity/simplicity in administration and scoring.

GluN2C/GluN2D subunit-selective NMDA receptor potentiator CIQ reverses MK-801-induced impairment in prepulse inhibition and working memory in Y-maze test in mice.[Pubmed:24236947]

Br J Pharmacol. 2014 Feb;171(3):799-809.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Despite ample evidence supporting the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia, progress in the development of effective therapeutics based on this hypothesis has been limited. Facilitation of NMDA receptor function by co-agonists (D-serine or glycine) only partially alleviates the symptoms in schizophrenia; other means to facilitate NMDA receptors are required. NMDA receptor sub-types differ in their subunit composition, with varied GluN2 subunits (GluN2A-GluN2D) imparting different physiological, biochemical and pharmacological properties. CIQ is a positive allosteric modulator that is selective for GluN2C/GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors (Mullasseril et al.). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: The effect of systemic administration of CIQ was tested on impairment in prepulse inhibition (PPI), hyperlocomotion and stereotypy induced by i.p. administration of MK-801 and methamphetamine. The effect of CIQ was also tested on MK-801-induced impairment in working memory in Y-maze spontaneous alternation test. KEY RESULTS: We found that systemic administration of CIQ (20 mg.kg(-)(1), i.p.) in mice reversed MK-801 (0.15 mg.kg(-)(1), i.p.)-induced, but not methamphetamine (3 mg.kg(-)(1), i.p.)-induced, deficit in PPI. MK-801 increased the startle amplitude to pulse alone, which was not reversed by CIQ. In contrast, methamphetamine reduced the startle amplitude to pulse alone, which was reversed by CIQ. CIQ also partially attenuated MK-801- and methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and stereotyped behaviours. Additionally, CIQ reversed the MK-801-induced working memory deficit in spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Together, these results suggest that facilitation of GluN2C/GluN2D-containing receptors may serve as an important therapeutic strategy for treating positive and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia.