D-(+)-Glucose

d-(+)-Glucose rescue against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium toxicity through anaerobic glycolysis in neuroblastoma cells[Reference: WebLink]

Brain Research Volume 962, Issues 1–2, 7 February 2003, Pages 48–60

The active neurotoxin of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), exerts its lethal effect by inhibiting Complex I of the electron transport chain (ETC). MPP+ shuts down aerobic oxidative phosphorylation and ETC-mediated ATP synthesis.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The present investigation examines anaerobic survival during MPP+ toxicity in murine neuroblastoma cells Neuro 2-A (N2-A). MPP+ addition to the cells resulted in a reduction in cell viability, mitochondrial O2 consumption (MOC) and ATP concentration in a dose-dependent manner. However, the addition of 10 mM of D-(+)-Glucose prevented MPP+ toxicity, attenuated the loss of ATP, but did not reverse the complete inhibition of MOC, indicating substrate level phosphorylation and explicit anaerobic survival. Glucose addition prevented MPP+-mediated drop in ΔΨm, endoplasmic reticulum and intracellular organelle membrane potential tantamount to an increase of cell viability. Secondly, we examined the metabolic regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) activities during glucose rescue. These enzymes exert control over acetyl CoA reservoirs in the mitochondria during aerobic metabolism. dl-6,8-Thioctic acid (PDH prosthetic group) and insulin slightly augmented metabolic rate, resulting in enhanced vulnerability to MPP+ in a glucose-limited environment. Additional glucose prevented these effects. Amiodarone (CPT inhibitor) and glucagon did not hamper or potentiate glucose rescue against MPP+. These data support strict anaerobic glucose utilization in the presence of toxic levels of MPP+. Moreover, the findings indicate that MPP+ exerts two distinct modes of toxicity (fast and slow death). With MPP+ (<1 mM), anaerobic glycolysis is operational, and toxicity is strictly dependent upon glucose depletion. MPP+ (1–10 mM) initiated acute metabolic collapse, with failure to sustain or switch to anaerobic glycolysis.
CONCLUSIONS:
In conclusion, overcoming energy failure against MPP+ may involve targeting rate-limiting controls over anaerobic energy pathways.

Tetrahedron,2000,11(23): 4701-8.

Synthesis of novel diphosphines from d-(+)-glucose. Use in asymmetric hydrogenation[Reference: WebLink]

A new family of bidentate diphosphine ligands which contain a glucofuranoside as a simple but highly effective chiral backbone are reported. These ligands are prepared in a few steps from readily available D-(+)-Glucose.
CONCLUSIONS:
These new ligands have been applied to the rhodium-catalysed hydrogenation of α,β–unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives under very mild reaction conditions, with enantiomeric excesses of up to 98%.

Academic Forum of Nan Du, 2001.

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Cu(Ⅱ) Complexes With D-(+)-Glucose Thiosemicarbazone[Reference: WebLink]

METHODS AND RESULTS:
Cu(C 7H 15 N 3O 5S)SO 4]solide complex has been synthesized by the reaction of D-(+)-Glucose thiosemicarbazone with copper sulfate.The formula and structure were confirmed by the chemical analysis,elemental analysis and IR spectrum.
CONCLUSIONS:
The complex exhibits marked antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli and Pyocyanine.