Fasudil (HA-1077) HCl

Fasudil (HA-1077) HCl is a selective inhibitor of ROCK with IC50 value of 0.74 μM [1].

Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) belongs to the AGC family of serine-threonine kinases and plays a pivotal role in regulating a variety of cellular processes. It has been reported that abnormal expression of ROCK is correlated with numerous diseases and infections [2].

Fasudil (HA-1077) HCl is a potent ROCK inhibitor and has a different structure with the reported ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. When tested with 2 human bladder cancer cell lines (5637 and UM-UC-3), Fasudil (HA-1077) HCl treatment inhibits cell proliferation, decreases cell migration and induced cell apoptosis in a dose dependent manner via blocking Rho/ROCK pathway [3]. In oral squmous cell carcinoma SCC-4 cells, administration of Fasudil (HA-1077) HCl markedly decreases cell motility and inhibits cell migration or invasion in a dose dependent manner (1, 50 and 100 μmol/L [4].

In the Cbl/Cbl-b deficiency-driven murine model of myeloproliferative disorders, oral administration of Fasudil (HA-1077) HCl (100 mg/kg, daily) markedly increases the total white cell and monocyte numbers while prolonged survival time has trend but no statistical difference compared with the control group [2].

References:
[1].  Wickman, G., C. Lan, and B. Vollrath, Functional roles of the rho/rho kinase pathway and protein kinase C in the regulation of cerebrovascular constriction mediated by hemoglobin: relevance to subarachnoid hemorrhage and vasospasm. Circ Res, 2003. 92(7): p. 809-16.
[2].  William, B.M., et al., Fasudil, a clinically safe ROCK inhibitor, decreases disease burden in a Cbl/Cbl-b deficiency-driven murine model of myeloproliferative disorders. Hematology, 2015.
[3].  Abe, H., et al., The Rho-kinase inhibitor HA-1077 suppresses proliferation/migration and induces apoptosis of urothelial cancer cells. BMC Cancer, 2014. 14: p. 412.
[4].   Moreira Carboni, S.S., et al., HA-1077 inhibits cell migration/invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Drugs, 2015.

Systemic availability of the active metabolite hydroxy-fasudil after administration of fasudil to different sites of the human gastrointestinal tract.[Pubmed:17192498]

J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Jan;47(1):19-25.

This study evaluated the gastrointestinal absorption of fasudil, a novel Rho kinase inhibitor for the treatment of stable angina, at different sites using remote-controlled capsules and assessed the feasibility of developing an extended-release formulation. Ten healthy male volunteers were enrolled, and 8 subjects completed this single-dose, open-label, randomized, 5-way crossover study. Forty milligrams of fasudil HCl was administered as solution to the distal ileum and ascending colon, as powder to the ascending colon, and orally as an immediate-release tablet and solution. All treatments were well-tolerated and no serious adverse events were observed. The mean systemic availabilities of M3 relative to the oral solution were 1.04 (distal ileum, solution), 1.14 (ascending colon, solution), 1.27 (ascending colon, powder) and 1.04 (oral tablet), indicating similar systemic availability of M3 after administration of fasudil HCl to different gastrointestinal sites. The results suggest that development of a once-a-day extended-release formulation for fasudil HCl should be readily achievable.

HA1077, a protein kinase inhibitor, inhibits calponin phosphorylation on Ser175 in porcine coronary artery.[Pubmed:9851593]

Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Nov 6;360(2-3):257-64.

Calponin is a thin filament-associated protein which has been implicated in the modulation of the contractile state of smooth muscle via its interaction with actin and inhibition of the actin-activated myosin Mg-ATPase. This inhibitory effect is alleviated by phosphorylation of calponin at Ser175 in vitro by protein kinase C. The issue of calponin phosphorylation in intact smooth muscle in response to agonists that activate protein kinase C is controversial. We have produced a monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes calponin phosphorylated at Ser175 and used it to analyze calponin phosphorylation in porcine coronary arterial smooth muscle stimulated with prostaglandin F2alpha or phorbol 12,13-dibutylate (PDB). Calponin phosphorylation increased rapidly in response to prostaglandin F2alpha concomitant with the increase in tension. Calponin was then dephosphorylated while force was maintained. Tension development in response to PDB was significantly slower, but again calponin phosphorylation paralleled force development. In this case, calponin dephosphorylation was very slow, consistent with prolonged activation of protein kinase C. The protein kinase inhibitors, HA1077 (1-5-(isoquinoline sulfonyl)-homopiperazine HCl) and HA1100 (1-hydroxy HA1077; 1-(hydroxy-5-isoquinoline sulfonyl-homopiperazine), inhibited tension development and calponin phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner with similar ED50 values in response to prostaglandin F2alpha and PDB. These results support physiological roles for calponin in force development in smooth muscle in response to agonists which trigger protein kinase C activation and in the latch state, i.e., force maintenance at low energy cost. Furthermore, the vasodilator effect of HA1077 and HA1100 is more likely due to inhibition of protein kinase C than of myosin light chain kinase.

Glucose-dependent enhancement of diabetic bladder contraction is associated with a rho kinase-regulated protein kinase C pathway.[Pubmed:19050171]

J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Mar;328(3):940-50.

Urinary bladder dysfunction, which is one of the most common diabetic complications, is associated with alteration of bladder smooth muscle contraction. However, details regarding the responses under high-glucose (HG) conditions in diabetes are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to identify a relationship between extracellular glucose level and bladder smooth muscle contraction in diabetes. Bladder smooth muscle tissues were isolated from spontaneously type II diabetic (ob/ob mouse; 16-20 weeks of age, male) and age-matched control (C57BL mouse) mice. Carbachol (CCh) induced time- and dose-dependent contractions in ob/ob and C57BL mice; however, maximal responses differed significantly (14.34 +/- 0.32 and 12.69 +/- 0.22 mN/mm(2) after 30 microM CCh treatment, respectively; n = 5-8). Pretreatment of bladders under HG conditions (22.2 mM glucose; concentration is twice that of normal glucose for 30 min) led to enhancement of CCh-induced contraction solely in diabetic mice (15.9 +/- 0.26 mN/mm(2); n = 5). Basal extracellular glucose-dependent enhancement of bladder contraction in diabetes was documented initially in this study. The correlation between intracellular calcium concentration and contraction was enhanced only in the ob/ob mouse. This enhancement of contraction and total protein kinase C (PKC) activity were inhibited by pretreatment with not only a PKC inhibitor (rottlerin) but also with a rho kinase inhibitor, fasudil [1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)homopiperazine HCl]. These reagents also suppressed the differences between ob/ob and C57BL mouse bladder contractions under HG conditions. The data indicated that glucose-dependent enhancement of contraction in diabetic bladder is involved in the activation of the rho kinase and calcium-independent PKC pathways. This dysfunction may contribute to bladder complications such as detrusor overactivity and reduced bladder capacity in diabetes.

Inhibition by the protein kinase inhibitor HA1077 of the activation of NADPH oxidase in human neutrophils.[Pubmed:8240400]

Biochem Pharmacol. 1993 Oct 19;46(8):1487-90.

The effect of an inhibitor of protein kinase, HA1077 [1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-homopiperazine HCl], and its hydroxylated metabolite, HA1100, on the activation of NADPH oxidase in human neutrophils were studied. Cells were preincubated with each drug for 10 min and then activated by treatment with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or formylmethionyl leucyl phenylalanine (FMLP). After activation, the rate of superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome c was estimated. HA1077 and HA1100 inhibited the PMA-induced production of O2- by neutrophil NADPH oxidase in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 15 and 24 microM, respectively). The sensitivity of the FMLP-induced production of O2- to these drugs was similar. The production of O2- in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated HL-60 cells, which differentiated to macrophage-like cells, was also inhibited by the drugs. The extent of inhibition by HA1077 was almost the same as that by a calmodulin inhibitor (W-7) and by inhibitors of protein kinase (H-7 and H-8). In a cell-free lysate of neutrophils, the NADPH-dependent production of O2- can be induced by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). HA1077 at 100 microM had only a weak inhibitory effect on the cell-free, SDS-induced production of O2-, an indication that HA1077 inhibits the activation of NADPH oxidase, not the actual activity. The effects of H-7 and H-8 were similar to that of HA1077, whereas W-7 inhibited the production of O2- by the cell-free extract of HL-60 cells. This action of HA1077 could explain, in part, its ability to protect neuronal cells from death after ischemia.

Rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil, suppresses glioblastoma cell line progression in vitro and in vivo.[Pubmed:20364104]

Cancer Biol Ther. 2010 Jun 1;9(11):875-84. Epub 2010 Jun 26.

There is growing evidence that the Rho/Rho-kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway is upregulated in tumors and plays a key role in cancer invasion and proliferation. The aim of this study was to explore the anti-tumor effects of Rho/ROCK inhibitor, fasudil, including the possible mechanisms involved in the suppression of the glioblastoma (GBM) cell line progression in vitro and in vivo. After T98G and U251 cells were treated with various concentrations of fasudil, Y27632, and ROCK siRNA, the effects of ROCK inhibitors on migration, invasion, invasion-related gene expressions, proliferation and apoptosis of cultured tumor cells were examined. The results indicated that fasudil significantly inhibited not only proliferation, migration and invasiveness (p < 0.05) but also the mRNA and protein expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, fasudil treatment resulted in a dose-dependent increase of apoptosis in T98G and U251. The intracranial xenograft models were established. The cryosection of the tumor and the survival time of mice in each group indicated that fasudil could inhibit glioma invasion and growth in vivo. Based on the results, fasudil suppresses the progression of GBM in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting ROCK. This could be linked to the decreased MMP-2 expression and the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. The Rho/ROCK signaling pathway may prove to be a promising target in anti-tumor therapy. Fasudil may be an attractive anti-tumor drug candidate for the treatment of GBM.

Inhibition of Rho-associated kinase blocks agonist-induced Ca2+ sensitization of myosin phosphorylation and force in guinea-pig ileum.[Pubmed:10618150]

J Physiol. 2000 Jan 1;522 Pt 1:33-49.

Ca2+ sensitization of smooth muscle contraction involves the small GTPase RhoA, inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) and enhanced myosin regulatory light chain (LC20) phosphorylation. A potential effector of RhoA is Rho-associated kinase (ROK). The role of ROK in Ca2+ sensitization was investigated in guinea-pig ileum. Contraction of permeabilized muscle strips induced by GTPgammaS at pCa 6.5 was inhibited by the kinase inhibitors Y-27632, HA1077 and H-7 with IC50 values that correlated with the known Ki values for inhibition of ROK. GTPgammaS also increased LC20 phosphorylation and this was prevented by HA1077. Contraction and LC20 phosphorylation elicited at pCa 5.75 were, however, unaffected by HA1077. Pre-treatment of intact tissue strips with HA1077 abolished the tonic component of carbachol-induced contraction and the sustained elevation of LC20 phosphorylation, but had no effect on the transient or sustained increase in [Ca2+]i induced by carbachol. LC20 phosphorylation and contraction dynamics suggest that the ROK-mediated increase in LC20 phosphorylation is due to MLCP inhibition, not myosin light chain kinase activation. In the absence of Ca2+, GTPgammaS stimulated 35S incorporation from [35S]ATPgammaS into the myosin targeting subunit of MLCP (MYPT). The enhanced thiophosphorylation was inhibited by HA1077. No thiophosphorylation of LC20 was detected. These results indicate that ROK mediates agonist-induced increases in myosin phosphorylation and force by inhibiting MLCP activity through phosphorylation of MYPT. Under Ca2+-free conditions, ROK does not appear to phosphorylate LC20 in situ, in contrast to its ability to phosphorylate myosin in vitro. In particular, ROK activation is essential for the tonic phase of agonist-induced contraction.

Neuroprotective properties of a protein kinase inhibitor against ischaemia-induced neuronal damage in rats and gerbils.[Pubmed:8842419]

Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Aug;118(7):1592-6.

1. The neuroprotective properties of fasudil (HA1077), a novel protein kinase inhibitor, were evaluated in two animal models of cerebral ischaemia: transient bilateral carotid artery occlusion in Mongolian gerbils and cerebral microembolization in rats. 2. The cytoprotective effect of fasudil on delayed neuronal death in gerbils was compared with the effects of nimodipine, a calcium channel antagonist and ozagrel, a thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor. The average of the neuronal cell density in the ischaemic control group was 17.8 +/- 2.1 cells mm-1, whereas fasudil (30 mg kg-1) significantly diminished the loss of CA1 neurones with the average of the neuronal cell density of 101.0 +/- 22.0 cells mm-1; nimodipine (10 mg kg-1) and ozagrel (30 mg kg-1) did not significantly protect against the ischaemia-induced neuronal loss. 3. In the rat model, the effects of fasudil on the histological and neurological consequences of cerebral microembolization produced via the injection of microspheres were examined. Twenty-four hours after the injection of microspheres into the internal carotid artery, all animals in the control group showed typical symptoms of stroke. Neurological function was significantly improved in the fasudil-treated animals. In the controls, the infarcted area in a cortical slice selected to include the hippocampal area was 0.25 +/- 0.01 cm2 (mean +/- s.e.mean) (43.9 +/- 2.4% of cortical section of the half hemisphere); the difference was significant compared to the mean area of 32.7 +/- 2.8 and 21.5 +/- 4.8% observed in rats treated with fasudil (3, 10 mg kg-1), respectively. Fasudil (10 mg kg-1) significantly suppressed the increased water content in ischaemic brain tissues (saline-treated rats, 82.4 +/- 0.2% vs fasudil-treated rats, 81.0 +/- 0.4%). 4. These results suggest that: (i) various protein kinases are involved in the pathogenesis of ischaemic injury; and (ii) the inhibition of protein kinases may be efficacious in preventing neuronal death, thus improving neurological function in the brain damage associated with ischaemic stroke.

A new type of vasodilator, HA1077, an isoquinoline derivative, inhibits proliferation of bovine vascular smooth muscle cells in culture.[Pubmed:1941621]

J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Nov;259(2):738-44.

The effects of a newly developed vasodilator agent, HA1077 [1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-homopiperazine hydrochloride], were investigated on the proliferation of cultured bovine aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). HA1077 (10-100 microM) inhibited both fetal calf serum-induced proliferation and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of the growth-arrested VSMC in a dose-dependent manner. When quiescent cells were stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor followed by insulin, HA1077 (1-30 microM), administered together with either stimulation, showed dose-dependent inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation. Further reduction of [3H]thymidine incorporation was observed when HA1077 was present at both stimulations, suggesting that HA1077 suppresses DNA synthesis acting in both competence and progression stages. After stimulation with fetal calf serum, quiescent VSMC started and ceased DNA synthesis in 15 to 18 hr and 24 hr, respectively. HA1077 inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation when it was added either from 12 hr to 15 hr or from 21 hr to 24 hr after serum stimulation. In addition, when percent inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation by continuous exposure to HA1077 was examined as a function of the time it was added, reductions of the value were observed at 0 to 3 hr, 12 to 18 hr and 21 to 24 hr. Thus, we concluded that HA1077 suppresses DNA synthesis of bovine VSMC acting at the G0/G1 and the G1/S phase transitions and also in the S phase of the cell cycle. It is suggested that this agent may act as a potent inhibitor of VSMC proliferation as well as a vasodilator.

Fasudil Hydrochloride (HA-1077 Hydrochloride; AT877 Hydrochloride), is a nonspecific ROCK inhibitor and also has inhibitory effect on protein kinases, with an Ki of 0.33 μM for ROCK1, IC50s of 0.158 μM and 4.58 μM, 12.30 μM, 1.650 μM for ROCK2 and PKA, PKC, PKG, respectively. Fasudil Hydrochloride is also a potent Ca2+ channel antagonist and vasodilator.

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