Pluripotin

Pluripotin (SC-1) inhibits in vitro kinase activity of RSK2 with EC50 of 2.5±1.8 μM. IC50 value: 2.5±1.8 μM (EC50) Target: RSK2 in vitro: Pluripotin, a dual kinase and GTPase inhibitor that promotes self-renewal, and then examined for tumorigenicity under limiting dilution conditions and clonogenic activity in soft agar. Pluripotin is inhibitory for p70S6K (IC50 = 1.4 μM ).

References:
[1]. Mertins SD, et al. A small molecule (pluripotin) as a tool for studying cancer stem cell biology: proof of concept. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e57099. [2]. Yang W, et al. Pluripotin combined with leukemia inhibitory factor greatly promotes the derivation of embryonic stem cell lines from refractory strains. Stem Cells. 2009 Feb;27(2):383-9.

A small molecule (pluripotin) as a tool for studying cancer stem cell biology: proof of concept.[Pubmed:23437320]

PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e57099.

BACKGROUND: Cancer stem cells (CSC) are thought to be responsible for tumor maintenance and heterogeneity. Bona fide CSC purified from tumor biopsies are limited in supply and this hampers study of CSC biology. Furthermore, purified stem-like CSC subpopulations from existing tumor lines are unstable in culture. Finding a means to overcome these technical challenges would be a useful goal. In a first effort towards this, we examined whether a chemical probe that promotes survival of murine embryonic stem cells without added exogenous factors can alter functional characteristics in extant tumor lines in a fashion consistent with a CSC phenotype. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The seven tumor lines of the NCI60 colon subpanel were exposed to SC-1 (Pluripotin), a dual kinase and GTPase inhibitor that promotes self-renewal, and then examined for tumorigenicity under limiting dilution conditions and clonogenic activity in soft agar. A statistically significant increase in tumor formation following SC-1 treatment was observed (p<0.04). Cloning efficiencies and expression of putative CSC surface antigens (CD133 and CD44) were also increased. SC-1 treatment led to sphere formation in some colon tumor lines. Finally, SC-1 inhibited in vitro kinase activity of RSK2, and another RSK2 inhibitor increased colony formation implicating a role for this kinase in eliciting a CSC phenotype. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings validate a proof of concept study exposure of extant tumor lines to a small molecule may provide a tractable in vitro model for understanding CSC biology.

The use of SC1 (Pluripotin) to support mESC self-renewal in the absence of LIF.[Pubmed:19924098]

J Vis Exp. 2009 Nov 18;(33). pii: 1550.

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are conventionally cultured with Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) to maintain self-renewal.(1) However, LIF is expensive and activation of the LIF/JAK/STAT3 pathway is not absolutely required to maintain the self-renewal state.(2) The SC1 small molecule may be an economical alternative to LIF. SC1 functions through dual inhibition of Ras-GAP and ERK1.(3) Illustration of its mechanism of action makes it a useful tool to study the fundamental molecular mechanism of self-renewal. Here we demonstrate the procedure for culturing mouse ES cells in the presence of SC1 and show that they are able to maintain self-renewal in the absence of LIF. Cells cultured with SC1 showed similar morphology compared to cells maintained with LIF. Both exhibited typical mouse ES morphology after five passages. Expression of typical pluripotency markers (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and SSEA1) was observed after five passages in the presence of SC1. Furthermore, SC1 caused no overt toxicity on mouse ES cells.

Pluripotin enhances the expansion of rabbit limbal epithelial stem/progenitor cells in vitro.[Pubmed:22564971]

Exp Eye Res. 2012 Jul;100:52-8.

This study was designed to demonstrate the effects of Pluripotin on the proliferation, senescence and colony formation efficiency of rabbit limbal epithelial cells (RLECs) in vitro. Rabbit primary limbal epithelial cells were harvested and cultured in the presence of Pluripotin. The cell proliferation was measured using the 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3 5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assay and was also observed by confocal microscopy with Ki67 staining, whereas cell senescence was detected by senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal) staining. The colony morphology, colony-forming efficiency and colony size were observed and compared. The characteristics of the proliferating cells were examined by immunofluorescent staining using antibodies against deltaNP63, ABCG2 and Keratin 3/12. The results showed that Pluripotin significantly promoted the proliferation of RLECs and increased the dividing cells with positive Ki67 staining at the concentrations lower than 400 nM. The colony-forming efficiency increased from 13.5% in the control cells to 26.4% in the 200 or 400 nM Pluripotin-treated cells. The number of colonies of moderate size (600-900 mum) increased significantly in the presence of Pluripotin (above 60.0% at 200 nM or 400 nM) compared with the untreated normal cells (18.6%), whereas the number of small-sized colonies (<600 mum) decreased from 79.5% for the control cells to lower than 35.0% at 200 nM or 400 nM Pluripotin. Moreover, the cells treated with Pluripotin stained negative with SA-beta-gal, while the untreated cells showed visible positive staining. Immunofluorescent staining suggested that the Pluripotin treatment resulted in higher positive staining for the limbal stem cell markers (deltaNP63 and ABCG2) and down-regulated of differentiated corneal epithelial cell marker (Keratin 3/12). This study confirmed that the small molecular compound Pluripotin promoted the proliferation of rabbit limbal epithelial cells by improving the expansion of limbal stem/progenitor cells in vitro.

Efficient and user-friendly pluripotin-based derivation of mouse embryonic stem cells.[Pubmed:22011883]

Stem Cell Rev. 2012 Sep;8(3):768-78.

Classic derivation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from blastocysts is inefficient, strain-dependent, and requires expert skills. Over recent years, several major improvements have greatly increased the success rate for deriving mouse ES cell lines. The first improvement was the establishment of a user-friendly and reproducible medium-alternating protocol that allows isolation of ES cells from C57BL/6 transgenic mice with efficiencies of up to 75%. A recent report describes the use of this protocol in combination with leukemia inhibitory factor and Pluripotin treatment, which made it possible to obtain ES cells from F1 strains with high efficiency. We report modifications of these protocols for user-friendly and reproducible derivation of mouse ES cells with efficiencies of up to 100%. Our protocol involves a long initial incubation of primary outgrowths from blastocysts with Pluripotin, which results in the formation of large spherical outgrowths. These outgrowths are morphologically distinct from classical inner cell mass (ICM) outgrowths and can be easily picked and trypsinized. Pluripotin was omitted after the first trypsinization because we found that it blocks attachment of ES cells to the feeder layer and its removal facilitated formation of ES cell colonies. The newly established ES cells exhibited normal karyotypes and generated chimeras. In summary, our user-friendly modified protocol allows formation of large spherical ICM outgrowths in a robust and reliable manner. These outgrowths gave rise to ES cell lines with success rates of up to 100%.

Pluripotin is a dual inhibitor of ERK1 and RasGAP with KDs of 98 nM and 212 nM, respectively. Pluripotin also inhibits RSK1, RSK2, RSK3, and RSK4 with IC50s of 0.5, 2.5, 3.3, and 10.0 µM, respectively.

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