Propyl gallate

Simultaneous determination of tert-butylhydroquinone, propyl gallate, and butylated hydroxyanisole by flow-injection analysis with multiple-pulse amperometric detection.[Pubmed:29136816]

Talanta. 2018 Feb 1;178:231-236.

We report the first amperometric method for the simultaneous determination of tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), Propyl gallate (PG), and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) using flow injection analysis coupled to multiple-pulse amperometry. A sequence of potential pulses was selected in order to detect tBHQ, PG, and BHA separately in a single injection step at a glassy carbon electrode without the need of a preliminary separation. A mixture of methanol and 0.040M Britton-Robinson buffer was used both as a carrier solution and for dilution of analyzed solutions before injection. The method is precise (RSD < 5%, n = 10), fast (a frequency of 140 injections h(-1)), provides sufficiently low quantification limits (2.51, 1.45, and 0.85mumolL(-1) for tBHQ, PG, and BHA, respectively) and can be easily applied without high demands on instrumentation. As a practical application, the determination of these antioxidants contained in commercial chewing gum samples was carried out by applying a simple extraction procedure.

Buyang Huanwu Decoction ameliorates ischemic stroke by modulating multiple targets with multiple components: In vitro evidences.[Pubmed:29576055]

Chin J Nat Med. 2018 Mar;16(3):194-202.

Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine prescription which is used to treat ischaemic stroke and stroke-induced disabilities. However, the exact mechanism underlying BYHWD's amelioration of ischaemic stroke and its effective constituents remain unclear. The present study aimed to identify the effective constituents of BYHWD and to further explore its action mechanisms in the amelioration of ischaemic stroke by testing the activities of 15 absorbable chemical constituents of BYHWD with the same methods under the same conditions. The following actions of these 15 compounds were revealed: 1) Ferulic acid, calycosin, formononetin, astrapterocarpan-3-O-beta-D-glucoside, paeonol, calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, astraisoflavan-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, ligustrazine, and Propyl gallate significantly suppressed concanavalin A (Con A)-induced T lymphocyte proliferation; 2) Propyl gallate, calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, paeonol, and ferulic acid markedly inhibited LPS-induced apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells; 3) Propyl gallate and formononetin significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO release; 4) Hydroxysafflor yellow A and inosine protected PC12 cells against the injuries caused by glutamate; and 5) Formononetin, astragaloside IV, astraisoflavan-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, inosine, paeoniflorin, ononin, paeonol, Propyl gallate, ligustrazine, and ferulic acid significantly suppressed the constriction of the thoracic aorta induced by KCl in rats. In conclusion, the results from the present study suggest that BYHWD exerts its ischaemic stroke ameliorating activities by modulating multiple targets with multiple components.

Highly specific and sensitive determination of propyl gallate in food by a novel fluorescence sensor.[Pubmed:29606471]

Food Chem. 2018 Aug 1;256:45-52.

Propyl gallate (PG), one of the most widely used synthetic phenolic antioxidants in edible oil, cookies and fried food, has received extensive concern due to its possible toxic effects on human health. Herein, a novel fluorescence analytical method is firstly proposed to sensitively and selectively determine Propyl gallate (PG) by utilizing the unique fluorescence quenching property of organic molybdate complex (OMC) formed by the specific reaction between MoO4(2-) and PG to g-C3N4 nanosheets. Under the optimum conditions, the developed fluorescence sensor allows highly sensitive detection of PG in a wide range from 0.5 to 200mugmL(-1) with a detection limit of 0.11mugmL(-1), and possesses excellent specificity and good recoveries. All the analytical results indicate the present method provides an effective approach for rapid detection of PG in common products, which is beneficial for monitoring and reducing the risk of overuse of PG.

Propyl gallate/cyclodextrin supramolecular complexes with enhanced solubility and radical scavenging capacity.[Pubmed:29287323]

Food Chem. 2018 Apr 15;245:1062-1069.

This study prepared and investigated the inclusion complexes of Propyl gallate (PG) with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and its water-soluble derivatives dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DM-beta-CD), hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD), and sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin (SBE-beta-CD). Phase solubility studies indicated that the formed complexes were in 1:1 stoichiometry. FT-IR, PXRD, DSC, (1)H-NMR, ROESY-NMR, and SEM analysis results confirmed the formation of the complexes. The NMR results indicated that the aromatic ring of PG was embedded into the CD cavity. The aqueous solubility of PG was markedly improved, and that of the PG/DM-beta-CD complex increased by 365.3 times. In addition, the results of the antioxidant activity assay showed that the hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging capacities of the complexes increased by 3-11 times and 1-6.5 times, respectively, compared with those of PG under the same concentration. Therefore, CD/PG inclusion complexes with improved solubility and radical scavenging capacity can be used as water-soluble antioxidants in the food industry.

Estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity of butylparaben, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene and propyl gallate and their binary mixtures on two estrogen responsive cell lines (T47D-Kbluc, MCF-7).[Pubmed:29460325]

J Appl Toxicol. 2018 Jul;38(7):944-957.

The estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects of butylparaben (BuPB), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Propyl gallate (PG) were evaluated for individual compounds as well as for binary mixtures, using an estrogen-dependent reporter gene assay in T47D-Kbluc breast cancer cells and an estrogen-dependent proliferation assay in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In terms of estrogenicity the potency of the selected compounds increased from BHA < PG < BuPB in the luciferase assay (with BHT showing no significant estrogenic activity), while in the proliferation assay the following order was observed: BHT < BHA < BuPB (with PG showing no significant estrogenic activity). Non-monotonic dose-response curves were obtained for BuPB (in both assays) and PG (in the luciferase assay), respectively. In the presence of estradiol, a significant anti-estrogenic activity was observed in both cell lines for PG, BuPB and BHA, while BHT showed weak anti-estrogenic activity only in T47D-Kbluc cells. The evaluation of binary mixtures confirmed the endocrine disruptive potential of the compounds, their individual potency being correlated with that of the mixtures. All mixtures were able to reduce the estradiol-induced luminescence or cell proliferation, an effect that was accurately predicted by the dose addition mathematical model, suggesting the same (or at least partially overlapping) modes of action for the tested compounds. The results of the present study emphasize the importance of a cumulative risk assessment of endocrine disruptors.

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Protects and Prevents Paraquat-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration in Knockdown dj-1-beta Drosophila melanogaster.[Pubmed:29667128]

Neurotox Res. 2018 Oct;34(3):401-416.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a polyhydroxyphenol constituent of green tea (e.g., Camellia sinensis) with known antioxidant properties. Due to these properties, others have proposed it as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Previously, we demonstrated that EGCG prolonged the lifespan and locomotor activity in wild-type Canton-S flies exposed to the neurotoxicant paraquat (PQ), suggesting neuroprotective properties. Both gene mutations and environmental neurotoxicants (e.g., PQ) are factors involved in the development of PD. Thus, the first aim of this study was to create a suitable animal model of PD, which encompasses both of these factors. To create the model, we knocked down dj-1-beta function specifically in the dopaminergic neurons to generate TH > dj-1-beta-RNAi/+ Drosophila melanogaster flies. Next, we induced neurotoxicity in the transgenic flies with PQ. The second aim of this study was to validate the model by comparing the effects of vehicle, EGCG, and chemicals with known antioxidant and neuroprotective properties in vivo (e.g., Propyl gallate and minocycline) on life-span, locomotor activity, lipid peroxidation, and neurodegeneration. The EGCG treatment provided protection and prevention from the PQ-induced reduction in the life-span and locomotor activity and from the PQ-induced increase in lipid peroxidation and neurodegeneration. These effects were augmented in the EGCG-treated flies when compared to the flies treated with either PG or MC. Altogether, these results suggest that the transgenic TH > dj-1-beta-RNAi/+ flies treated with PQ serve as a suitable PD model for screening of potential therapeutic agents.