Protopine

1 Berberis sp. 2 Caltha sp. 3 Corydalis sp. 4 Chelidonium sp. 5 Dicentra sp. 6 Eschscholzia sp. 7 Fumaria sp. 8 Papaver sp. 9 Sanguinaria sp. 10 Zanthoxylum sp.

Protopine, an isoquinoline alkaloid contained in plants in northeast Asia. IC50 Value: Target: In vitro: Protopine was found to reduce nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production by LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells, without a cytotoxic effect. Pre-treatment of Raw 264.7 cells with protopine reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [2]. Protopine is a novel microtubule stabilizer with anticancer activity in HRPC cells through apoptotic pathway by modulating Cdk1 activity and Bcl-2 family of proteins [3]. In HepG2 cells, protopine significantly increased CYP1A1 mRNA levels after 24h exposure at concentrations from 25 and 10 μM. Protopine also dose-dependently increased CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNA levels in human hepatocytes [4]. In vivo: Assays were performed on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, and the result showed that protopine exhibited anti-adhesive and anti-invasion effects in MDA-MB-231 cells; after treatment with protopine for 90 min, the expression of EGFR, ICAM-1, αv-integrin, β1-integrin and β5-integrin were remarkably reduced [1].

References:
[1]. Bae DS, et al. Protopine reduces the inflammatory activity of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages. BMB Rep. 2012 Feb;45(2):108-13. [2]. Chen CH, et al. Protopine, a novel microtubule-stabilizing agent, causes mitotic arrest and apoptotic cell death in human hormone-refractory prostate cancer cell lines. Cancer Lett. 2012 Feb 1;315(1):1-11. [3]. Vrba J, et al. Protopine and allocryptopine increase mRNA levels of cytochromes P450 1A in human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells independently of AhR. Toxicol Lett. 2011 Jun 10;203(2):135-41. [4]. He K, et al. Protopine inhibits heterotypic cell adhesion in MDA-MB-231 cells through down-regulation of multi-adhesive factors. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2014 Jan 28;11(2):415-24.

Protopine inhibits serotonin transporter and noradrenaline transporter and has the antidepressant-like effect in mice models.[Pubmed:16530230]

Neuropharmacology. 2006 Jun;50(8):934-40.

The Protopine isolated from a Chinese herb Dactylicapnos scandens Hutch was identified as an inhibitor of both serotonin transporter and noradrenaline transporter in vitro assays. 5-hydroxy-DL-tryptophan(5-HTP)-induced head twitch response (HTR) and tail suspension test were adopted to study whether Protopine has anti-depression effect in mice using reference antidepressant fluoxetine and desipramine as positive controls. In HTR test, Protopine at doses of 5, 10, 20 mg/kg dose dependently increase the number of 5-HTP-induced HTR. Protopine at doses of 3.75 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg also produces a dose-dependent reduction in immobility in the tail suspension test. The present results open up new possibilities for the use of Protopine in the treatment of mood disorders, such as mild and moderate states of depression.

Protopine, a novel microtubule-stabilizing agent, causes mitotic arrest and apoptotic cell death in human hormone-refractory prostate cancer cell lines.[Pubmed:22033245]

Cancer Lett. 2012 Feb 1;315(1):1-11.

In this study, we investigated the anticancer effect of Protopine on human hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) cells. Protopine exhibited an anti-proliferative effect by induction of tubulin polymerization and mitotic arrest, which ultimately led to apoptotic cell death. The data suggest that Protopine increased the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1)/cyclin B1 complex and that contributed to cell apoptosis by modulating mitochondria-mediated signaling pathways, such as Bcl-2 phosphorylation and Mcl-1 down-regulation. In conclusion, the data suggest that Protopine is a novel microtubule stabilizer with anticancer activity in HRPC cells through apoptotic pathway by modulating Cdk1 activity and Bcl-2 family of proteins.

Hepatoprotective potential of Fumaria indica Pugsley whole plant extracts, fractions and an isolated alkaloid protopine.[Pubmed:18164606]

Phytomedicine. 2008 Jun;15(6-7):470-7.

The present investigation demonstrates the hepatoprotective potential of 50% ethanolic water extract of whole plant of Fumaria indica and its three fractions viz., hexane, chloroform and butanol against d-galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The hepatoprotection was assessed in terms reduction in histological damage, changes in serum enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, ALP) and metabolites bilirubin, reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (MDA content). Among fractions more than 90% protection was found with butanol fraction in which alkaloid Protopine was quantified as highest i.e. about 0.2mg/g by HPTLC. The isolated Protopine in doses of 10-20mg p.o. also proved equally effective hepatoprotectants as standard drug silymarine (single dose 25mg p.o.). In general all treatments excluding hexane fraction proved hepatoprotective at par with silymarine (p

Protective effects of protopine on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative injury of PC12 cells via Ca(2+) antagonism and antioxidant mechanisms.[Pubmed:18602385]

Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Sep 4;591(1-3):21-7.

Calcium and lipid peroxidation play important roles in oxidative stress-induced cellular injury and apoptosis, which ultimately cause cell death. In this study we examined whether Protopine had a neuroprotection against H(2)O(2)-induced injury in PC12 cells. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with Protopine improved the cell viability, enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, and decreased malondialdehyde level in the H(2)O(2) injured cells. Protopine also reversed the increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and the reduced mitochondrial membrane potential caused by H(2)O(2) in the cells. Furthermore, Protopine was able to inhibit caspase-3 expression and cell apoptosis induced by H(2)O(2). In summary, this study demonstrates that Protopine is able to relieve H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in PC12 cells, at least in part, by Ca(2+) antagonism and antioxidant mechanisms.

Protopine inhibits heterotypic cell adhesion in MDA-MB-231 cells through down-regulation of multi-adhesive factors.[Pubmed:25435628]

Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2014 Jan 28;11(2):415-24. eCollection 2014.

BACKGROUND: A Chinese herb Corydalis yanhusuo W.T. Wang that showed anticancer and anti-angiogenesis effects in our previous studies was presented for further studies. In the present study, we studied the anticancer proliferation and adhesion effects of five alkaloids which were isolated from Corydalis yanhusuo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MTT dose response curves, cell migration assay, cell invasion assay, as well as three types of cell adhesive assay were performed on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The mechanism of the compounds on inhibiting heterotypic cell adhesion were further explored by determining the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), alphav-integrin, beta1-integrin and beta5-integrin by western blotting assay. RESULTS: In five tested alkaloids, only Protopine exhibited anti-adhesive and anti-invasion effects in MDA-MB-231 cells, which contributed to the anti-metastasis effect of Corydalis yanhusuo. The results showed that after treatment with Protopine for 90 min, the expression of EGFR, ICAM-1, alphav-integrin, beta1-integrin and beta5-integrin were remarkably reduced. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that Protopine seems to inhibit the heterotypic cell adhesion between MDA-MB-231 cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells by changing the expression of adhesive factors.

Anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory activities of protopine.[Pubmed:9368908]

Pharmacol Res. 1997 Jul;36(1):1-7.

The effects of Protopine on human platelet aggregation and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism via cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOP) enzymes were examined. Platelet aggregation induced by various platelet agonists (AA, ADP, collagen and PAF) was strongly inhibited by Protopine in a concentration-related manner. The IC50 values (microM) of Protopine (mean +/- SEM) against: AA; 12 +/- 2: ADP; 9 +/- 2: collagen; 16 +/- 2 and PAF; 11 +/- 1, were much less than those observed for aspirin. In addition, Protopine selectively inhibited the synthesis of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) via COX pathway and had no effect on the LOP pathway in platelets. In vivo, pretreatment with Protopine (50-100 mg kg-1) protected rabbits from the lethal effects of AA (2 mg kg-1) or PAF (11 micrograms kg-1) in dose-dependent fashion. Protopine (50-100 mg kg-1) also inhibited carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema with a potency of three-fold as compared to aspirin. These results are suggestive that Protopine acts as a potent inhibitor of thromboxane synthesis and PAF with anti-inflammatory properties.

Antispasmodic and relaxant activity of chelidonine, protopine, coptisine, and Chelidonium majus extracts on isolated guinea-pig ileum.[Pubmed:9933996]

Planta Med. 1998 Dec;64(8):758-60.

Two ethanolic dry extracts from the herb Chelidonium majus L. with a defined content of the main alkaloids (chelidonine, Protopine, and coptisisine) and the alkaloids themselves were studied in three different antispasmodic test models on isolated ileum of guinea-pigs. In the BaCl2-stimulated ileum, chelidonine and Protopine exhibited the known papaverine-like musculotropic action, whereas coptisine (up to 3.0 x 10(-5) g/ml) was ineffective in this model. Both extracts were active with 53.5% and 49.0% relaxation at 5 x 10(-4) g/ml. The carbachol and the electric field stimulated contractions were antagonized by all three alkaloids. Coptisine showed competitive antagonist behaviour with a pA2 value of 5.95. Chelidonine and Protopine exhibited a certain degree of non-competitive antagonism. In the electric field the antagonist activities decreased in the order Protopine > coptisine > chelidonine. The concentrations of the chelidonium herb extracts for 50% inhibition of the carbachol and electrical field induced spasms were in the range of 2.5 to 5 x 10(-4) g/ml.

Protopine reduces the inflammatory activity of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages.[Pubmed:22360889]

BMB Rep. 2012 Feb;45(2):108-13.

Protopine is an isoquinoline alkaloid contained in plants in northeast Asia. In this study, we investigated whether Protopine derived from Hypecoum erectum L could suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in murine macrophages (Raw 264.7 cells). Protopine was found to reduce nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production by LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells, without a cytotoxic effect. Pre-treatment of Raw 264.7 cells with Protopine reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These inhibitory effects were caused by blocking phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) and also blocking activation of a nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappaB).

Protopine, an isoquinoline alkaloid contained in plants in northeast Asia.

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