Salinomycin sodium salt

IC50: 7.7, 13.7 and 10.4 μM for HepG2, SMMC-7721 and BEL-7402 cell line, respectively (after 24h treatment)

Salinomycin (Sal) sodium salt, which is a polyether ionophore antibiotic from Streptomyces albus, has been proven to be able to kill different types of human cancer cells, most likely via interfering with ABC drug transporters, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, or other pathways.

In vitro: Several hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines were treated with Sal. Results showed that Sal inhibited proliferation and decreased PCNA levels. Cell cycle analysis showed that Sal caused cell cycle arrest in different phases. Sal induced apoptosis as characterized by an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Compared to control, β-catenin expression was down-regulated by Sal treatment significantly. The Ca2+ concentration in HCC cells was examined by flow cytometry and it was found that higher Ca2+ concentrations were observed in Sal treatment groups [1].

In vivo: The in vivo anti-tumor effect of Sal was verified using the hepatoma orthotopic tumor model and results showed that the liver tumor size in Sal-treated groups decreased. Immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining also demonstrated that Sal could in vivo inhibit proliferation and induced apoptosis [1].

Clinical trial: N/A

Reference:
[1] Wang F,He L,Dai WQ,Xu YP,Wu D,Lin CL,Wu SM,Cheng P,Zhang Y,Shen M,Wang CF,Lu J,Zhou YQ,Xu XF,Xu L,Guo CY.  Salinomycin inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One.2012;7(12):e50638.

Performance and nutrient retention responses of broilers to dietary oxyhalogenic and ionic salts.[Pubmed:15742960]

Poult Sci. 2005 Feb;84(2):238-47.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of 2 ionic and antimicrobial mixtures on broiler performance and nutrient retention. In experiment 1, male broilers were fed 6 diets in a 2 x 3 factorial experiment (5 cages/diet, 9 chicks/cage) from 0 to 21d of age. Diets with 2 nutrient densities [normal industry diet (ND) and a low nutrient density diet (82% of ND)] and 3 ionic and antimicrobial mixtures [none (control) or 1 of 2 formulations containing different mixtures of ionic salts and oxyhalogenic compounds (sodium salts of chlorite, chlorate, chloride, borate, sulfate, bromide, salicylate, and hydrogen peroxide) at 4.4 mL/kg of feed (mix A and B)]. Birds fed mix B (568.6 g) were heavier (P < 0.05) at 21d of age than birds fed the control diet (501.7 g) and BW of birds fed mix A (536.1 g) did not differ from mix B or controls. Phosphorus and nitrogen retention from 18 to 20 d in birds fed mix B (78.05% and 82.23%, respectively) was greater (P < 0.05) than birds fed mix A (60.21 and 71.22%, respectively) and birds fed mix A had greater (P < 0.05) retention than birds fed the control diet (45.94 and 69.06%, respectively). In experiment 2, chicks were fed either 4.4 mL of mix B/kg feed, a diet with salinomycin and bacitracin, or a control diet. Birds fed the control or mix B diet had greater (P < 0.05) BW at 18 d than birds on the antibiotic treatment, whereas diet or nutrient retention differences were not present at 42 d of age. In conclusion, the ionic and antimicrobial mixtures improved performance and nutrient retention in young broilers but these did not last until market age.

Validation of a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method to determine six polyether ionophores in raw, UHT, pasteurized and powdered milk.[Pubmed:26593474]

Food Chem. 2016 Apr 1;196:130-7.

This study aimed to validate a method developed for the determination of six antibiotics from the polyether ionophore class (lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin, narasin, salinomycin and semduramicin) at residue levels in raw, UHT, pasteurized and powdered milk using QuEChERS extraction and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The validation was conducted under an in-house laboratory protocol that is primarily based on 2002/657/EC Decision, but takes in account the variability of matrix sources. Overall recoveries between 93% and 113% with relative standard deviations up to 16% were obtained under intermediate precision conditions. CCalpha calculated values did not exceed 20% the Maximum Residue Limit for monensin and 25% the Maximum Levels for all other substances. The method showed to be simple, fast and suitable for verifying the compliance of raw and processed milk samples regarding the limits recommended by Codex Alimentarius and those adopted in European Community for polyether ionophores.

[Determination of six anticoccidials in chicken using QuEChERS combined with ultra high liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry].[Pubmed:26939367]

Se Pu. 2015 Nov;33(11):1199-204.

An ultra high liquid chromatography-Q Exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry multi-residue method has been developed for the determination of six anticoccidials residues (dinitlmide, nicarbazin, diclazuril, toltrazuril, monensin and salinomycin) in chicken tissue. Sample preparation was based on QuEChERS method, using 1% (v/v) trichloroacetic acid/acetonitrile aqueous solution (3:7, v/v) as the extraction solvent and salting-out with sodium chloride followed by clean-up with 50 mg/mL primary secondary amine (PSA) +50 mg/mL neutral alumina (Alumina-N) dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE). The separation of the compounds in liquid chromatography was carried out using a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C8 column (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 mum) with mobile phases consisting of methanol-5 mmol/L ammonium acetate aqueous solution in gradient elution. The Q Exactive orbitrap mass spectrometric detection was carried out with positive and negative electrospray ionization simultaneously. The results showed the linear ranges of the six target compounds were as follows: dinitolmide, 1.0-30.0 mug/L; nicarbazin, 0.2-6.0 mug/L; diclazuril and toltrazuril, 2.0-60.0 [mug/L; monensin and salinomycin, 4.0-120.0 mug/L. The external standard method was used for quantification. The spiked recoveries at three levels for the six anticoccidials ranged from 67.7% to 126.8%. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were

Determination of eleven coccidiostats in animal feed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry at cross contamination levels.[Pubmed:21742113]

Anal Chim Acta. 2011 Aug 26;700(1-2):26-33.

A confirmatory multi-residue method has been developed to allow for the detection, confirmation and quantification of eleven coccidiostats in animal feed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method can be used to determine halofuginone, robenidine, nicarbazin, diclazuril, decoquinate, semduramicin, lasalocid, monensin, salinomycin, narasin, maduramicin at levels relating to unavoidable carry over as stated in Regulation 2009/8/EC. Feed samples are extracted with water and acetonitrile with the addition of anhydrous magnesium sulphate and sodium chloride. The extract then undergoes a freezing out step before being diluted and injected onto the LC-MS/MS system. The LC-MS/MS system is run in MRM mode with both positive and negative electrospray ionisation and can confirm all eleven analytes in a run time of 19 min. The sensitivity of the method allows quantification and confirmation for all coccidiostats at a 0.5% carry over level. The method was validated over three days in accordance with of European legislation; Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Validation criteria of accuracy, precision, decision limit (CCalpha), and detection capability (CCbeta) along with measurement uncertainty are calculated for all analytes. The method was then successfully used to analyse a number of feed samples that contained various coccidiostat substances.

Conformation and location of membrane-bound salinomycin-sodium complex deduced from NMR in isotropic bicelles.[Pubmed:17994744]

J Am Chem Soc. 2007 Dec 5;129(48):14989-95.

An ionophore antibiotic salinomycin was studied in a membrane environment consisting of isotropic bicelles, a better model for biological membranes than micelles, and its conformation and topological orientation in bicelles was determined. 2D NMR measurements and restrained conformational search revealed that salinomycin-sodium salt in bicelles adopts an open conformation in which the orientation of the E-ring is significantly different from that in crystal and solution structures. This conformational alteration breaks an intramolecular hydrogen bond between 28-OH and 1-O, dislocates the ether oxygen of the E-ring from a coordinated position to the sodium ion observed in the crystal, and consequently weakens the complexation between salinomycin and the sodium ion. Paramagnetic relaxation experiments using doxyl-phospholipids reveal that salinomycin is embedded shallowly in bicelles, with both terminals being closer to the water interface and the olefin portion facing the bicelle interior. Measurements of intermolecular NOEs between salinomycin and phospholipids further supported this orientation. Weaker complexation with sodium ion and positional preference in the membrane polar region may facilitate the catch-and-release of metal ions at the polar/nonpolar interface of bilayers. On the basis of these findings, a model for salinomycin-assisted transport of metal ions across biological membranes is proposed.

Salinomycin sodium salt (Salinomycin sodium), an antibiotic potassium ionophore, is a potent inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Salinomycin sodium salt (Salinomycin sodium) acts on the Wnt/Fzd/LRP complex, blocks Wnt-induced LRP6 phosphorylation, and causes degradation of the LRP6 protein. Salinomycin sodium salt (Salinomycin sodium) shows selective activity against human cancer stem cells.

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