Tazarotene

Tazarotene, one of the acetylenic class of retinoids, is the 3rd-generation prescription topical retinoid.  It is approved for treating psoriasis, acne, and photo damaged skin  [1].
Tazarotene act as a retinoid prodrug and it is converted to free acid form by rapid deesterification when used in man and animals. Tazarotenic acid shows selectivity for (RAR)-β, and (RAR)-γ though it could bind to all three classes of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) family, and this may modify gene expression.
Tazarotene mediates these effects by regulating gene transcription. Five nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines and the constitutive and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-inducible expression of tazarotene-induced gene3 mRNA of the five head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) were examined to determine whether it is associated with their responsiveness to ATRA. Consequently, ATRA induced tazarotene-induced gene3 mRNA from 6 to 12h in most of the responsive cells. Depending on the cell line, the concentration of ATRA required for induction of tazarotene-induced gene3 was ranged from 1 to 500 nm [2].
67 patients aging from 13 to 30 with facial acne attended a study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical tazarotene 0.1% cream in the treatment of facial acne. Patients were instructed to apply topical tazarotene cream (0.1%) as a thin film over the affected part in the evening once a day for 12 weeks. And follow-ups were done at 2nd, 4th, 8th and 12th week. As a result, 53% of the patients got remission, 9% had good response, 34% had poor response and 4% of the patients by 12 weeks of treatment was no response. Topical tazarotene cream (0.1%) is an effective and safe treatment method for the face affected by acne vulgaris [3].
References:
[1]. Orlandi A ,Bianchi L, Costanzo A, et al. Evidence of increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation in basal cell carcinomas treated with tazarotene.  Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 2004, 122(4): 1037-1041.
[2]. Higuchi E, Chandraratna RAS, Hong, WK, et al. Induction of TIG3, a putative class II tumor suppressor gene, by retinoic acid in head and neck and lung carcinoma cells and its association with suppression of the transformed phenotype. Oncogene, 2003, 22(30): 4627-4635.
[3]. Zakaria AS, Paul HK, Rahman MA George S K, et al. Topical tazarotene cream (0.1%) in the treatment of facial acne: an open clinical trial. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull, 2010, 36(2): 43-46.

Tazarotene-Induced Gene 1 Enhanced Cervical Cell Autophagy through Transmembrane Protein 192.[Pubmed:27989102]

Mol Cells. 2016 Dec;39(12):877-887.

Tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1) is a retinoic acid-inducible protein that is considered a putative tumor suppressor. The expression of TIG1 is decreased in malignant prostate carcinoma or poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma, but TIG1 is present in benign or well-differentiated tumors. Ectopic TIG1 expression led to suppression of growth in cancer cells. However, the function of TIG1 in cell differentiation is still unknown. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we found that transmembrane protein 192 (TMEM192) interacted with TIG1. We also found that both TIG1A and TIG1B isoforms interacted and co-localized with TMEM192 in HtTA cervical cancer cells. The expression of TIG1 induced the expression of autophagy-related proteins, including Beclin-1 and LC-3B. The silencing of TMEM192 reduced the TIG1-mediated upregulation of autophagic activity. Furthermore, silencing of either TIG1 or TMEM192 led to alleviation of the upregulation of autophagy induced by all-trans retinoic acid. Our results demonstrate that the expression of TIG1 leads to cell autophagy through TMEM192. Our study also suggests that TIG1 and TMEM192 play an important role in the all-trans retinoic acid-mediated upregulation of autophagic activity.

A Phase 2, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Vehicle Controlled Clinical Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of a Halobetasol/Tazarotene Fixed Combination in the Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis.[Pubmed:28301614]

J Drugs Dermatol. 2017 Mar 1;16(3):197-204.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated disease that varies widely in its clinical expression. Treatment options focus on relieving symptoms, reducing inflammation, induration, and scaling, and controlling the extent of the disease. Topical corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment, however long-term safety remains a concern, particularly with the more potent formulations. Combination therapy with a corticosteroid and Tazarotene may improve psoriasis signs at a lower corticosteroid concentration providing a superior safety profile. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of a once-daily application of a fixed combination halobetasol propionate 0.01% and Tazarotene 0.045% (HP/TAZ) lotion in comparison with its monads and vehicle in subjects with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. METHODS: Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled Phase 2 study in moderate or severe psoriasis (N=212). Subjects randomized (2:2:2:1 ratio) to receive HP/TAZ, individual monads, or vehicle, once-daily for 8 weeks. Efficacy assessments included treatment success (defined as at least a 2-grade improvement from baseline in the IGA score and a score of 'Clear' or 'Almost Clear'), and impact on individual signs of psoriasis (erythema, plaque elevation, and scaling) at the target lesion. Safety and treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were evaluated throughout. RESULTS: HP/TAZ lotion demonstrated statistically significant superiority over vehicle as early as 2 weeks. At week 8, 52.5% of subjects had treatment success compared with 33.3%, 18.6%, and 9.7% in the HP (P=0.033), TAZ (P less than 0.001), and vehicle (P less than 0.001) groups, respectively. HP/TAZ lotion was superior to its monads and vehicle in reducing the psoriasis signs of erythema, plaque elevation, and scaling at the target lesion. At week 8, a 2-grade improvement in IGA was achieved by 54.2% of subjects for erythema, 67.8% for plaque elevation, and 64.4% for scaling. Most frequently reported TEAEs were application site reactions, and were more likely associated with the Tazarotene component. Side effects such as skin atrophy were rare. CONCLUSIONS: HP/TAZ lotion was consistently more effective than its monads or vehicle in achieving treatment success and reducing psoriasis signs of erythema, plaque elevation, and scaling at the target lesion. Safety data were consistent with the known safety profile of halobetasol propionate and Tazarotene, and did not reveal any new safety concerns with the combination product.

J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(3):197-204.

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Tazarotene-induced gene 2 is associated with poor survival in non-small cell lung cancer.[Pubmed:27698842]

Oncol Lett. 2016 Oct;12(4):2680-2685.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of Tazarotene-induced gene 2 (TIG2) and evaluate the clinicopathological variables and prognostic value for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were utilized to detect TIG2 expression in NSCLC specimens and adjacent noncancerous tissue. Furthermore, the present study investigated the protein expression and the clinicopathological significance of TIG2 in 98 paraffin-embedded NSCLC samples by using immunohistochemistry. The results of the present study demonstrated that the expression of TIG2 mRNA (P=0.003) and protein (P=0.0024) was significantly reduced in NSCLC compared with corresponding noncancerous tissue. TIG2 protein expression in NSCLC was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.006), Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage (P=0.021) and degree of differentiation (P=0.025). The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test revealed that high TIG2 expression was significantly associated with increased survival of NSCLC patients (P=0.003). Multivariate analysis revealed that TIG2 expression was an independent prognostic factor of the overall survival of NSCLC patients. Decreased expression of TIG2 may be useful as a biomarker for poor prognosis in NSCLC carcinogenesis and may act as a target for gene therapy for the treatment of NSCLC patients.

Expression and mutation analysis of TIG1 (tazarotene-induced gene 1) in human gastric cancer.[Pubmed:19806788]

Oncol Res. 2009;17(11-12):571-80.

Tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1) has been known to function as a cell adhesion molecule, which leads to better cell to cell contact and reduced proliferation. We investigated expression and mutation status of TIG1 in primary gastric tumors and cell lines to explore the candidacy of the gene as a tumor suppressor. A total of 172 gastric tissue specimes, including 80 primary adenocarcinomas, 12 benign tumors, and 80 adjacent normal mucosa, and 15 gastric cancer cell lines were used. TIG1 expression was analyzed by semiquantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. To screen for the presence of somatic mutations, RT-PCR-SSCP analysis was carried out. The effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment was examined to elicit whether TIG1 reduction is associated with abnormal DNA hypermethylation. Compared to noncancerous tissues, a substantial reduction of TIG1 expression was observed in 73.3% (11115) cancer cell lines, and seven of these exhibited nearly undetectable levels of expression. Decreased expression of TIG1 was also found in 62 (77.5%) primary carcinoma tissues compared to adjacent noncancerous tissues, indicating a tumor-specific reduction of TIG1. Expression levels of TIG1 were significantly low in primary carcinomas and cancer cell lines compared to those of normal tissues. Moreover, loss or reduction of TIG1 was significantly high in advanced tumors compared to early tumors and more frequent in poorly differentiated tumors than well or moderately differentiated tumors. TIG1 expression was reactivated or its level was elevated following 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment, indicating that TIG1 expression is transcriptionally silenced in these cancer cells by abnormal DNA hypermethylation. These data indicate that TIG1 undergoes frequent epigenetic inactivation due to aberrant DNA hypermethylation in gastric cancers, and its altered expression is associated with the malignant progression of tumors.

Evidence of increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation in basal cell carcinomas treated with tazarotene.[Pubmed:15102095]

J Invest Dermatol. 2004 Apr;122(4):1037-41.

A preliminary clinical experience suggested Tazarotene, a new acetylenic retinoid, as an effective alternative topical treatment of basal cell carcinomas (BCC). The mechanisms of action of this synthetic retinoid, however, have not been yet clarified. In this work we assessed the in vivo effects of daily application of Tazarotene for 24 wk, on 30 small superficial and nodular BCC, and the in vitro effects of Tazarotene on immortalized basal and squamous tumor epidermal cells. Cellular proliferation, apoptosis and changes in expression of retinol and retinoic acid receptors (RAR), p53, bcl-2, and bax were studied by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and PCR. Overall, 76.7% of treated tumors showed >50% regression. Complete healing was observed in 46.7% of all treated BCC, without recurrences at 2-y observation. Regression was associated with reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis, demonstrated by Ki-67- and TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labelling-positive nuclear staining, and with enhanced RAR-beta and bax expression, with RAR-alpha and -gamma expression unchanged. In vitro, Tazarotene induced a concentration-dependent increase of RAR-beta and bax associated with a greater rate of apoptosis and growth inhibition in basaloid tumor cells compared with squamous tumor cells. Our studies provide convincing evidence that Tazarotene induces BCC regression possibly by synergistic RAR-beta-dependent anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic pathways.

Induction of TIG3, a putative class II tumor suppressor gene, by retinoic acid in head and neck and lung carcinoma cells and its association with suppression of the transformed phenotype.[Pubmed:12879006]

Oncogene. 2003 Jul 24;22(30):4627-35.

Retinoids can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of various tumor cells. It is thought that nuclear retinoid receptors mediate these effects by regulating gene transcription. The identity of specific retinoid target genes is only beginning to be unraveled. One candidate for mediating retinoid-induced growth suppression is the novel class II tumor suppressor gene Tazarotene-induced gene 3 (TIG3). We examined the constitutive and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-inducible expression of TIG3 mRNA in five head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and five nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines to determine whether it is associated with their responsiveness to ATRA. The expression patterns of retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta), another putative retinoid-inducible tumor suppressor gene, were also examined. The constitutive TIG3 expression was high in one HNSCC cell line and two NSCLC cell lines, and moderate to very low in the other cells. Some RARbeta-expressing cells had either low or undetectable TIG3 levels and vice versa. ATRA (1 microM; 48 h) increased TIG3 mRNA in 4/5 HNSCCs and 3/5 NSCLCs and RARbeta mRNA in some of the same cell lines, but also in cells that did not show TIG3 induction. TIG3 mRNA was induced by ATRA between 6 and 12 h in most of the responsive cells. ATRA concentrations required for TIG3 induction ranged from 1 to 500 nM depending on the cell line. The pan-RAR antagonists AGN193109 and the RARalpha antagonist Ro 41-5253 blocked TIG3 induction by ATRA. ATRA suppressed anchorage-independent colony formation in most cells that had a high or moderate constitutive or induced TIG3 expression level. In contrast, RARbeta mRNA expression pattern was not correlated with sensitivity to ATRA. These results suggest that TIG3 is regulated by ATRA via retinoid receptors in certain aerodigestive tract cancer cells, and its induction by ATRA is associated with the suppression of anchorage-independent growth.

Tazarotene (AGN 190168) is a selective retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonist for the treatment of plaque psoriasis and acne vulgaris.

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