A939572

A939572 is a potent and orally bioavailable inhibitor of stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 (SCD1) with IC50 value of 37nM [1].

SCD is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids. One member of SCD family, SCD1, is regulated by dietary and hormonal factors and is proved to play an important role in lipid metabolism and body weight control. Thus, SCD1 is a target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. A939572 is a synthetic inhibitor of SCD1 with improved inhibitory activity and lipophilicity than its parent compound. It shows inhibition of mouse SCD1 and human SCD1 with IC50 values of <4nM and 37nM, respectively. In addition, A939572 has no inhibitory activity to the co-enzymes of SCD1, cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b5 reductase. It suggests that A939572 interacts with SCD1 directly and specifically. Furthermore, A939572 shows high oral bioavailability in mice [1].

References:
[1] Xin Z, Zhao H, Serby M D, et al. Discovery of piperidine-aryl urea-based stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 inhibitors. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 2008, 18(15): 4298-4302.

Inhibition of stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 activity suppresses tumour progression and improves prognosis in human bladder cancer.[Pubmed:30592142]

J Cell Mol Med. 2019 Mar;23(3):2064-2076.

Urinary bladder neoplasm is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been proven to be an important cause of cancer progression and poor prognosis. In the present study, we established bladder CSCs and identified the crucial differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these cells and parental bladder cancer cells. Analyses of bioinformatics data and clinical samples from local hospitals showed that stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 (SCD) was the key factor among the DEGs. A significant correlation between SCD gene expression and poor prognosis among patients with bladder cancer was observed in our data. Loss-of-function experiments further revealed that the SCD inhibitor A939572 and SCD gene interference reduced cell proliferation and invasion. The above data suggest that SCD may serve as a novel marker for the prediction of tumour progression and poor prognosis in patients with bladder cancer.

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 deficiency reduces lipid accumulation in the heart by activating lipolysis independently of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha.[Pubmed:27751891]

Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016 Dec;1861(12 Pt A):2029-2037.

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) has recently been shown to be a critical control point in the regulation of cardiac metabolism and function. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is an important regulator of myocardial fatty acid uptake and utilization. The present study used SCD1 and PPARalpha double knockout (SCD1(-/-)/PPARalpha(-/-)) mice to test the hypothesis that PPARalpha is involved in metabolic changes in the heart that are caused by SCD1 downregulation/inhibition. SCD1 deficiency decreased the intracellular content of free fatty acids, triglycerides, and ceramide in the heart of SCD1(-/-) and SCD1(-/-)/PPARalpha(-/-) mice. SCD1 ablation in PPARalpha(-/-) mice decreased diacylglycerol content in cardiomyocytes. These results indicate that the reduction of fat accumulation in the heart associated with SCD1 deficiency occurs independently of the PPARalpha pathway. To elucidate the mechanism of the observed changes, we treated HL-1 cardiomyocytes with the SCD1 inhibitor A939572 and/or PPARalpha inhibitor GW6471. SCD1 inhibition decreased the level of lipogenic proteins and increased lipolysis, reflected by a decrease in the content of adipose triglyceride lipase inhibitor G0S2 and a decrease in the ratio of phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) at Ser565 to HSL (pHSL[Ser565]/HSL). PPARalpha inhibition alone did not affect the aforementioned protein levels. Finally, PPARalpha inhibition decreased the phosphorylation level of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, indicating lower mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. In summary, SCD1 ablation/inhibition decreased cardiac lipid content independently of the action of PPARalpha by reducing lipogenesis and activating lipolysis. The present data suggest that SCD1 is an important component in maintaining proper cardiac lipid metabolism.

Monounsaturated fatty acids generated via stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 are endogenous inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase.[Pubmed:24191036]

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Nov 19;110(47):18832-7.

High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and insulin resistance are associated with increased activity of the endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor (CB1R) system that promotes the hepatic expression of lipogenic genes, including stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1). Mice deficient in CB1R or SCD1 remain lean and insulin-sensitive on an HFD, suggesting a functional link between the two systems. The HFD-induced increase in the hepatic levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide [i.e., arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA)] has been attributed to reduced activity of the AEA-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Here we show that HFD-induced increased hepatic AEA levels and decreased FAAH activity are absent in SCD1(-/-) mice, and the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) products of SCD1, palmitoleic and oleic acid, inhibit FAAH activity in vitro at low micromolar concentrations. HFD markedly increases hepatic SCD1 activity in WT mice as well as in CB1R(-/-) mice with transgenic reexpression of CB1R in hepatocytes, but not in global CB1R(-/-) mice. Treatment of HFD-fed mice with the SCD1 inhibitor A939572 prevents the diet-induced reduction of hepatic FAAH activity, normalizes hepatic AEA levels, and improves insulin sensitivity. SCD1(-/-) mice on an HFD remain insulin-sensitive, but develop glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in response to chronic treatment with the FAAH inhibitor URB597. An HFD rich in MUFA or feeding mice pure oleic acid fail to inhibit hepatic FAAH activity. We conclude that MUFAs generated via SCD1 activity, but not diet-derived MUFAs, function as endogenous FAAH inhibitors mediating the HFD-induced increase in hepatic AEA, which then activates hepatic CB1R to induce insulin resistance.

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 is a novel molecular therapeutic target for clear cell renal cell carcinoma.[Pubmed:23633458]

Clin Cancer Res. 2013 May 1;19(9):2368-80.

PURPOSE: We set out to identify Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) as a novel molecular target in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and examine its role in tumor cell growth and viability in vitro and in vivo independently as well as in combination with current U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved regimens. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Patient normal and ccRCC tissue samples and cell lines were examined for SCD1 expression. Genetic knockdown models and targeted inhibition of SCD1 through use of a small molecule inhibitor, A939572, were analyzed for growth, apoptosis, and alterations in gene expression using gene array analysis. Therapeutic models of synergy were evaluated utilizing pharmacologic inhibition of SCD1 with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) sunitinib and pazopanib, and the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus. RESULTS: Our studies identify increased SCD1 expression in all stages of ccRCC. Both genetic knockdown and pharmacologic inhibition of SCD1 decreased tumor cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Upon gene array, quantitative real-time PCR, and protein analysis of A939572-treated or SCD1 lentiviral knockdown samples, induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress response signaling was observed, providing mechanistic insight for SCD1 activity in ccRCC. Furthermore, combinatorial application of A939572 with temsirolimus synergistically inhibited tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Increased SCD1 expression supports ccRCC viability and therefore we propose it as a novel molecular target for therapy either independently or in combination with an mTOR inhibitor for patients whose disease cannot be remedied with surgical intervention, such as in cases of advanced or metastatic disease.

Loss of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity leads to free cholesterol synthesis through increased Xbp-1 splicing.[Pubmed:20923962]

Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Dec;299(6):E1066-75.

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), which are required for efficient neutral lipid esterification. In the present investigation, we demonstrate that loss of SCD-1 activity increases free cholesterol (FC) content and induces Xbp-1 splicing. We assessed the small molecule SCD-1 inhibitor A939572 on [(14)C]stearate incorporation into neutral lipids and found its incorporation into triglyceride was unaffected, whereas labeled cholesteryl ester (CE) content was notably diminished. Using either A939572 or liver knockout mice (LKO), we show that loss of SCD-1 activity increases FC levels and activates the liver X receptor (LXR) pathway. Using adenoviral delivery of an active form of X-box binding protein-1 (Xbp-1; Xbp-1s), we show increased sterol synthesis only when cells lack the ability to generate MUFA. The results of the cell-based model were confirmed in LKO mice where fasting-refeeding decreased CE, increased FC, and increased Xbp-1s. On the basis of the present data, we conclude that SCD-1 activity is required for efficient cholesterol esterification to MUFA and that loss of its activity increases Xbp-1s-mediated FC synthesis. It is likely that the accumulation of FC enhances Xbp-1 splicing, induces LXR transcriptional activity, and increases ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) expression to maintain cholesterol homeostasis.

A939572 is a potent, and orally bioavailable stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 (SCD1) inhibitor with IC50 values of <4 nM and 37 nM for mSCD1 and hSCD1, respectively.

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