M40

M40 is a potent, non-selective galanin receptor antagonist. Sequence: Gly-Trp-Thr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ala-Gly-Tyr-Leu-Leu-Gly-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ala-Leu-Ala-Leu-Ala-NH2.

In Vitro:M40 (1 μM) displaces [mono[125IJodo-Tyr26]galanin from binding sites in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and spinal cord. M40 has a lower affinity than galanin for all membranes. The IC50 values are 6 nM in the hippocampus, 15 nM in the hypothalamus, 12 nM in the spinal cord, and 3 nM in the insulinoma cells. M40 (1 μM) completely blocks 125I-labeled galanin-binding sites[1].

References:
[1]. Bartfai T, et al. Galanin-receptor ligand M40 peptide distinguishes between putative galanin-receptor subtypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Dec 1;90(23):11287-91.

Evaluation of Liquid-Based Swab Transport Systems against the New Approved CLSI M40-A2 Standard.[Pubmed:26842703]

J Clin Microbiol. 2016 Apr;54(4):1152-6.

Following revised information pertaining to newer swab types and testing protocols in the new CLSI M40-A2 standard, we evaluated three liquid swab transport systems for the recovery of aerobic, anaerobic, and fastidious organisms at room temperature and at 4 degrees C. All tested liquid swab transport systems were fully compliant with the M40-A2 standard, with acceptable performance at both temperatures after the full specified holding period, using both qualitative (roll-plate) and quantitative (swab elution) methods.

Effects of the Galanin Receptor Antagonist M40 on Cardiac Function and Remodeling in Rats with Heart Failure.[Pubmed:26177027]

Cardiovasc Ther. 2015 Oct;33(5):288-93.

BACKGROUND: Sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal are important characteristics of heart failure. Recent studies demonstrate that galanin reduces the discharge of acetylcholine and inhibits vagal bradycardia by acting on galanin receptor type 1 (GalR1). We speculated that blocking GalR1 is beneficial for heart failure. METHODS: Rats with heart failure were induced by myocardial infarction. The rats were injected intraperitoneally with galanin receptor antagonist M40 solution (30 nmol/kg) or saline for 4 weeks. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in plasma. The ratio of heart weight to body weight (HW/BW), hematoxylin-eosin (HE), and Masson trichrome stain was used to evaluate cardiac remodeling. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6) in plasma, and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+) -ATPase (SERCA2) in heart tissue were detected to confirm the mechanism of the cardioprotection effect. RESULTS: Compared with rats injected with saline, M40 effectively improved cardiac function of contraction; decreased BNP, IL-6, and HW/BW (all P < 0.05); attenuated cardiac fibrosis; and upregulated SERCA2 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: M40 improves cardiac function and attenuates remodeling, suggesting that galanin receptor antagonist may be a potential therapeutic agent for HF.

Optimization of Herbicidin A Production in Submerged Culture of Streptomyces scopuliridis M40.[Pubmed:28237998]

J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017 May 28;27(5):947-955.

Herbicidin A is a potent herbicide against dicotyledonous plants as well as an antibiotic against phytopathogens. In this study, fermentation parameters for herbicidin A production in submerged culture of Streptomyces scopuliridis M40 were investigated. The herbicidin A concentration varied with the C/N ratio. High C/N ratios (>4) resulted in a herbicidin A production of more than 900 mg/l, whereas maximally 600 mg/l was obtained at ratios between 1 and 3.5. In 5-L batch fermentation, there was a positive correlation between the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and herbicidin A production. Once the OUR increased, the substrate consumption rate increased, leading to an increase in volumetric productivity. Mechanical shear force affected the hyphal morphology and OUR. When the medium value of hyphal size ranged from 150 to 180 mum, high volumetric production of herbicidin A was obtained with OUR values >137 mg O2/l.h. The highest herbicidin A concentration of 956.6 mg/l was obtained at 500 rpm, and coincided with the highest relative abundance of hyphae of 100-200 mum length and the highest OUR during cultivation. Based on a constant impeller tip speed, which affects hyphal morphology, herbicidin A production was successfully scaled up from a 5-L jar to a 500-L pilot vessel.

[Efficiency of the influenza A and B viruses isolation from nasopharyngeal swabs taken in the test tubes Sigma-Virocult (M40 Compliant, Sigma Virocult) and Virocult (M40 Compliant, Virocult) in 2010-2011 epidemic season].[Pubmed:24006633]

Vopr Virusol. 2013 May-Jun;58(3):42-5.

The goal of this work was to compare the efficiency of the influenza A and B viruses Isolated during 2010-2011 epidemic season. The clinical samples were taken in the test tubes with the transport medium on the.basis of the medium EMEM and commercial test tubes Sigma-Virocult (M40 Compliant, Sigma Virocult) and Virocult (M40 Compliant, Virocult). The results of this work demonstrated higher efficiency of influenza A and B viruses isolation from nasopharyngeal swabs of the patients taken in the test tubes Sigma-Virocult (M40 Compliant, Sigma Virocult) and Virocult (M40 Compliant, Virocult) with the transport medium as compared with the efficiency of influenza strains isolation from nasopharyngeal swabs taken in test tubes with the medium EMEM with respect to all estimated indicators: efficiency of isolation, a passage of isolation and the titer of isolates. The possibility of the long-term storage of a clinical material at room temperature and at 4 degrees C was confirmed, without resorting to freezing, which is significant in the absence of the necessary equipment.